CHAPTER 9 - WWII JAPANESE TANKS & ARMORED CARS



TABLE OF CONTENTS








SECTION IV - WWII JAPANESE TANKS AND ARMORED CARS



1. GENERAL.

Until 1929 Japan di dnot produce any tanks ( Sensha ) of her own. As usual, her ideas were borrowed from the West, particularly from the British and French, and her first tanks were versionsof early Renault, Vickers, and Carden-Lloyd models. Later she turned to Russia for new developments.

Prior to 1941 the Japanese had every opportunity to study and the experience of the Allies in war, and it is also reasonable to assume that they are still borrowing freely from other nations. During 1935-37 the Japanese apparently were concentrating on tankettes, light tanks, medium tanks, perfecting one model in each class. It is probable that a few heavy tanks also were produced. Their tanks fall into four main types, divided according to weight. These are:



CLASSIFICATION SHORT TONS (2,000 pounds) METRIC TONS (2,204 pounds)
Tankette, Chokei Sensha.

Less than 5 1/2 5

Light tanks, Kei Sensha

Less than 5 1/2 - 11 5 - 10

Medium Tanks Chu Sensha

Less than 11 - 22 10 - 20

Heavy tanks Ju Sensha

Over 22 Over 20




a. Tank nomenclature. For purposes of general information, annoted photographs illustrating various items of tank nomenclature, are reproduced in figure 239.



b. horsepower. Horsepowers indicated throughout the following text are all Japanese ratings. In each instance, engines have been examined (e.g. M 2595 Light Tank and M 2597 Medium Tank) it had been clearly shown that they are capable of developing a considerable greater degree of power than that reported. Consequently, wherever possible, theoretically indicated horse powers, derived from computations based on engine specifications, have been shown.

c. Crews. Crew compartments so far examined are limited in size, and little attention has been given to comfort. The turret and hulls, however, have been found to be well insulated with material such as asbestos.

d. Armament. In the light and medium tanks, relatively low velocity 37-mm and 57-mm guns are used. There is also evidence that a 47-mm gun is used in medium tanks. Although a machine gun is normally mounted in the rear of the turret, and is of some tactical use, it is doubtful if the main turret weapon and rear machine gun can be fought at the same time. The use of armored sheaths is standard for all machine gun barrels. All machine guns are ball mounted, adn the main turret armament has a limited traverse, independent of that of the turret. In both the light and medium tanks a hull machine gun is mounted.

e. Armor. Japanese tanks, so far examined, have been lightly armored, but the plates tested have been of good quality. In the arrangement of armor, use has been made of deflection angles, but not to any considerable degree. In many cases reentrant angles have been formed, but no steps have been noted to protect turret rings or mantlets against jamming or splash.

f. Engines. Diesels are mainly used.

g. Suspension. In all these models the same basic suspension is used. This consists of bell crank arms carrying rocking pairs of wheels. These arms are sprung by horizontal suspension springs, protected by armored casings,

h. Vision. Little use has been made of periscopes, etc., vision being dependent on slits, occassionally backed by a glass block.

i. Doors. The question of escape in case of fire or other emergencies has been given little attention.

j. Communications. As far as known, radio is only used on basis of 1 set per platoon in the medium tanks, and probably not at all in light tanks and tankettes.

k. Insignia. Army tanks have a 5 point star mounted on the front, whike navy tanks have the anchor insignia. Many tanks either fly or carry the national flag as an identification sign. Naval tanks usually have the small naval insignia painted on the sides.


Figure 239. Tank rear end.

l. Future developments.
(1) General. It would be dangerous to measure Japanese tanks buy models now (1944) known to exist. Evidence exists that Japan is in close touch with German developnment, and it may well prove that Japanese tanks will show considerable German influence. That Japanese tank design is not stagnant is clearly indicated by the recently captured new type amphibious tank described in this section. In this particular tank the coaxially mounted machine gun is considered of significance. Hitherto, there has been no evidence that the Japanese have mounted weapons in this manner, so it must be considered indicative of a new trend.

(2) Armament. High velocity antitank guns, of at least 75-mm caliber, and modern high performance armor piercing high explosive ammunition, as well as hollow charge types, may be expected. As a temporary measure, earlier model tanks, such as the medium which mounts a 57-mm gun, could be given a new lease of life in a tank role by providing hollow charge ammunition.

(3) Armor. Early model tanks may be fitted with additional plates at vulnerable points; modern tanks can be expected to have heavier armor. Armor angles can be expected to receive more attention.

(4) Performance. So far Japan has used high power weight ratios. If these are maintained, high speeds and good cross country mobility will result. Suitable preparations, depending on tactical roles, may be undertaken to increase fording ability.

(5) Communication. Radio may be introduced down to individual tanks.

(6) Other improvements. Special items, like vision aids, escape facilities, and gun fume extraction may be developed. As an illustration of the trend in tank improvements, in teh new type amphibious tank, many of the objectionable features of the older designs have been overcome. Reentrant angles have been eliminated, while the hull design has been simplified and welded construction used throughout. In addition, firepower has been improved by the substitution of a highly velocity 37-mm weapon and the coaxial mounting of a machine gun.

(7) Heavy tanks. The Japanese are capable of designning an efficient, modern, heavy tank, but it is thought that they may have difficulty in its quantity production. In the past Japanese have produced a number of heavy tanks which muct now be considered obsolete.

m. Miscellaneous types. Reports suggest that Crane, Repair, and Supply tanks may exist. These are believed to consist basically of tank chassis, less the turret, and fitted out according to requirements.



2. WWII JAPANESE TANKETTES.

a. Tankette Model 92 (1932). Development of the tankette has been progressive. In China it was used on a wide scale by Japan in a cavalry and reconnaissance role. In addition it is employed for towing tracked trailers carrying supplies and ammunition. Both welded and riveted construction are used throughout the hull (figure 240). The suspension is an early Japanese development. Four point suspension of the hull is achieved by use of bell cranks, resisted by armored compression springs on each side. Four rubber tired bogie wheels, two return rollers, and outside cebter guide tracks are used. Front sprocket drive and left rear mounted engine are employed.

Approximate specifications
1. Weight --------- 3 tons.
2. Length --------- 10 feet 3 inches.
3. Width --------- 5 feet 3 inches.
4. Height --------- 5 feet 4 inches.
5. Clearance --------- 13 1/2 inches.
6. Crew --------- 2 men.
7. Armor --------- 6 to 14 mm (0.24 to 0.55 inch).
8. Armament --------- 1 - 7.7 MG ball mounted.
9. Ammunition --------- 1,980 rounds.
10. Engine, 4 cylinder --------- 32 horsepower, gasoline.
11. Transmission --------- 4 forward, 1 reverse.
12. Ground contact --------- 6 feet.
13. Width of track --------- 5 inches.
14. Track pitch --------- 3 inches.
15. Diameter sprocket --------- 21 inches.
16. Diameter bogie wheel --------- 15 inches.
17. Diameter rear idler --------- 15 inches.
18. Height to center of sprocket --------- 25 inches.
Approximate maximum performance
1. Speed --------- 25 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 100 miles.
3. Gradient --------- 27 degrees.
4. Obstacles : Trench --------- 4 feet 6 inches wide.
5. Obstacles : Step --------- 2 feet 1 inch high.
6. Obstacles : Ford --------- 2 feet deep.





Figure 240. Tankette Model 92.

b. Japanese Tankette model 94 (1934).
This tank embodies the general design of the original tankette (figure 241). The rear idler has been replaced by a trailing ideler, while the drive sprocket has been lowered accordingly. Suspension; bell crank, with armored compression springs. Rubber tired bogie wheels, and two return rollers are used. The engine is reported to be a four cylinder in line Ford tractor motor of 32 horsepower. Steering is the clutch brake principle.


Approximate specifications
1. Weight --------- 3.4 tons.
2. Length --------- 11 feet.
3. Width --------- 5 feet 3 inches.
4. Height --------- 5 feet 4 inches.
5. Clearance --------- 12 inches.
6. Crew --------- 2 men.
7. Armor --------- 4-mm to 12-mm (0.16 to 0.47 inches).
8. Armament --------- 1 - 7.7 machine gun.
9. Traverse --------- 360 degrees.
10. Ammunition --------- 1,980 rounds.
11. Fuel capacity --------- 23.3 gallons.

Figure 241. Tankette Model 94 (1934).

Approximate maximum performance
1. Speed --------- 26 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 100 miles (estimates).
3. Gradient --------- 27 degrees (also reprted as 30 degrees.
4. Obstacles : Trench --------- 4 feet 6 inches wide.
5. Obstacles : Step --------- No details.
6. Obstacles: Ford --------- 2 feet deep.




c. Japanese Tankette model 97 (1937).
Various specifications have been reported for a tank of this size (figure 242). It is not certain if these refer to several different models of teh M2597 or whether they relate to an even later model, the M2598 (1938). The suspension of this tank remains unchanged from that of the M2594 tankette. The hull, however, has been completely redesigned. More room has been provided in the turret to accommodate the 37-mm tank gun. As an alternative, a machine gun sometimes is mounted in place of the 37-mm weapon. Particular attention has been paid to a more simple design of the front plate and improved deflection angles. This tank is powered by a 4 cylinder, in line, air cooled diesel engine of 48 horsepower. Engine specifications indicate, however, thaht this engine would theoretically develop 105 horsepower at 2000 rpm.

Approximate specifications
1. Weight --------- 4.5 tons.
2. Length --------- 12 feet.
3. Width --------- 6 feet.
4. Height --------- 6 feet.
5. Clearance --------- 14 inches.
6. Crew --------- 2 men.
7. Armor --------- 4-mm to 12-mm (0.16 to 0.47 inches).
8. Armament --------- 1 - 37-mm gun.
9. Ammunition --------- 96 rounds.
10. Transmission --------- 4 forward 1 reverse.
11. Steering --------- Drive shaft brake,
12. Fuel capacity --------- 20 gallons (also reported 24 gallons).

Figure 242. Model 97 (1937) tankette.


Approximate maximum performance
1. Speed --------- 28 miles per hour.
2. Gradient --------- 30 degrees.
3. Obstacles : Trench --------- 5 feet 3 inches wide.
4. Obstacles: Step --------- No details.
5. Obstacles : Ford --------- 2 feet 6 inches deep.


3. WWII JAPANESE LIGHT TANKS
a. Light tank Model 93 (1933). This tank (figure 243) represents the early development of the light tank series. The box type hull is divided into three compartments. The center portion is the fighting compartment, the superstructure of which overhangs the tracks. The right hand side at the front of the fighting compartment is extended forward to form a sponson for the ball mounted machine gun. The driver sits left, while the hull gunner sits right, in the forward compartment. The 6 cylinder gasoline engine is mounted to the rear of the hull.

The suspension consists of six small, rubber tired bogie wheels mounted on three semielliptic springs on each side. There are three return rollers. Front sprocket drive and center guide track are employed. The turret mounts one machine gun to the front, while some photographs show another mounted in the rear. Traverse 360 degrees.

Approximate specifications
1. Weight --------- 7.8 tons.
2. Length --------- 14 feet 8 inches.
3. Width --------- 5 feet 11 inches.
4. Height --------- 6 feet.
5. Clearance --------- 15 inches.
6. Crew --------- 3 men.
7. Armor --------- Up to 22-mm (0.87 inch)(reported).
8. Armament --------- 1 - Light machine gun (hull)
1 - Light machine gun (turret)
9. Steering --------- Clutch brake.
10. Ground contact --------- 10 feet.
11. Engine --------- 6 cylinder 85 horsepower Mitsubishi.
12. Cooling --------- Air.
13. Width of track --------- 7 1/2 inches.
14. Pitch of track --------- 3 1/2 inches.
15. Diameter of sprocket --------- 1 foot 6 inches.
16. Diameter of rear idler --------- 1 foot 3 inches.
17. Height of sprocket center --------- 1 foot 8 inches.

Figure 243. Model 93 (1933) light tank.


Approximate maximum performance

1. Speed --------- 28 miles per hour.
2. Obstacles: Trench --------- 5 feet 8 inches wide.
3. Obstacles: step --------- 1 foot 6 inches high.
4. Obstacles: Ford --------- 2 feet 8 inches deep.


b. Japanese Light tank Model 93 (1933) improved.
Probably produced in 1933-34, this tank is an improved model of teh M2593 in that the suspension has 4 bogie wheels coupled together in pairs via transverse even lever. It is not clear whether the apex is mounted to the hull by means of a bell crank or a stub shaft. Likewise it is not clear whether the armored compression ring is used at this stage of development. Two return rollers are used, as well as front sprocket drive. The hull of this vehicle is almost identical with that of the previous model.
Approximate specifications

1. Weight --------- 7.8 tons.
2. Lenght --------- 14 feet 8 inches.
3. Width --------- 5 feet 11 inches.
4. Height --------- 6 feet.
5. Clearance --------- 15 inches.
6. Crew --------- 3 men.
7. Armor --------- Up to 22-mm (0,87 inch) (reported).
8. Armament --------- 1 - 37-mm tank gun, 1 turret machine gun.
9. Engine --------- 6 cylinder, 85 horsepower air cooled (Mitsubishi).
10. Ground contact --------- 9 feet 6 inches.
11. Width of track --------- 7 1/2 inches.
12. Track pitch --------- 3 1/2 inches.
13. Diameter of bogie wheel --------- 15 inches.
14. Steering --------- Clutch brake.
15. Fuel --------- Gasoline.


Approximate maximum performance

1. Speed --------- 28 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 120 miles.
3. Obstacles: --------- 5 feet 8 inches wide.
4. Obstacles: --------- 1 foot 6 inches high.
5. Obstacles: --------- 2 feet 10 inches deep.




c. Japanese Light tank Model 95 (1935).
In production from 1935 to at least 1942, there is a great deal of evidence to show that Japanese light tank design was frozen in 1935 to produce large numbers of these tanks (figure 244). The hull has been completely redesigned. The suspension has been improved to utilize the bell cranck and armored compression spring. The tank is powered by a 6 cylinder in-line air cooled Diesel engine. The hull is constructed over an angle iron frame, with backing plates at the corners; insulation is provided by layers of woven asbestos. Ammunition for the 37-mm tank gun is carried stored in clips and racks in the fighting compartment.

Two types are known. Model 94 shell - presumably HE of 1934 model, and Model 94 AP shell - presumably APHE of 1934 model. 1170 rounds of 7.7-mm ammunition are stored in magazines just below the hull machine gun. 1800 rounds are carried in the fighting compartment for the turret machine gun.
Specifications from actual examination

1. Transmission --------- 4 speeds forward, 1 reverse.
2. Steering --------- Clutch brake.
3. Ground contact --------- 7 feet 8 inches.
4. Width track --------- 9 7/8 inches.
5. Track pitch --------- 3 3/4 inches.
6. Diameter sprocket --------- 21 inches.
7. Diameter bogie wheel --------- 22 1/4 inches.
8. Diameter rear idler --------- 21 inches.
9. Height to center of sprocket --------- 32 inches.


Approximate maximum performance

1. Speed --------- 28 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 100 miles.
3. Gradient --------- 40 degrees, 30 degrees for long climb.
4. Obstacles: Trench --------- 6 feet wide.
5. Obstacles: Step --------- 2 feet 8 inches high.
6. Obstacles: Ford --------- 3 feet 3 inches deep.


d. Japanese Light tank "Keni".
It is considered that this tank is not an obsolete model (as of 1944). It probably has been produced subsequent to the M2595 light tank. The 47-mm gun is a significant feature.
Approximate specifications
1. Weight --------- 7.7 tons.
2. Length --------- 13 feet 6 inches.
3. Width --------- 7 feet.
4. Height --------- 5 feet 11 inches.
5. Ground clearance --------- 14 inches.
6. Crew --------- 3 men.
7. Armament --------- 1 47-mm gun and 1 machine gun.
8. Armor --------- 6-mm to 16-mm (0.24 to 0.63 inhes)
9. Engine --------- 140 horsepower


Approximate maximum performance

1. Speed --------- 31 miles per hour.
2. Gradient --------- 34 degrees.
3. Obstacles: Trench --------- 6 feet 7 inches wide.
4. Obstacles: Ford --------- 2 feet 3 inches deep.


4. WWII JAPANESE MEDIUM TANKS.

a. Japanese Medium tank Model 89 A (1929).
This tank (figure 245) is characterized by its box type hull, short front plate with door to the right, vertical front plate above this with hull machine gun mounted to the right, and small cupola hinged to top of turret. Five small return rollers are mounted along a girder. There are 9 small bogie wheels. The leading bogie wheel is independently mounted, while protective skirting all but covers the suspension. This tank is rear sprocket driven and powered by a gasoline engine. There is a rear turret machine gun, while the main armament is a 57-mm low velocity gun. Traverse 360 degrees.

1. Weight --------- 13 tons.
2. Length --------- 19 feet 3 inches.
3. Width --------- 7 feet 1 inch.
4. Height --------- 8 feet 6 inches.
5. Clearance --------- 19 inches.
6. Crew --------- 4 men.
7. Armor --------- 6-mm to 17-mm (0.24 to 0.67 inches)
also reported as:
17-mm to 25-mm (0.67 to 1 inch)
8. Armament --------- 1 - 57-mm, 1 hull MG, 1 rear turret MG
9. Ammunition --------- 57-mm 100 rounds, SAA 2,745 rounds.
10. Engine --------- 136 brake horsepower.
11. Ground contact --------- 12 feet.
12. Width of track --------- 12 inches.
13. Track pitch --------- 6 inches.
14. Diameter rear sprocket --------- 30 inches.
15. Diameter bogie wheel --------- 9 inches.
16. Diameter front idler --------- 36 inches.
17. Height to center of idler --------- 33 inches.
18. Fuel --------- Gasoline.


1. Speed --------- 15 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 100 miles.
3. Gradient --------- 34 degrees.
4. Obstacles: Trench --------- 8 feet 3 inches wide.
5. Obstacles: Step --------- 2 feet 9 inches high.
6. Obstacles: Ford --------- 3 feet 3 inches deep.


b. Japanese Medium tank Model 89 B (1929).
Also reported as the M2592 (1932), this tank (figure 246) differs from the M89A in that it has a long front which combines with the driver's front plate. The tuurret has been completely redesigned to include a new type of cupola and a more practical aperture for mounting the 57-mm gun. The gasoline ebgine has been replaced by a Diesel engine, but the armament and the armor thickness remain the same.

1. Weight --------- 13 tons.
2. Length --------- 19 feet 3 inches.
3. Width --------- 7 feet 1 inch.
4. Height --------- 8 feet 6 inches.
5. Clearance --------- 19 inches.
6. Crew --------- 4 men.
7. Armor --------- 6-mm to 17-mm (0.24 to 0.67 inches)
also reported as :
17-mm to 25-mm (0.67 to 0.98 inches).
8. Armament --------- 1 - 57-mm , 1 hull MG, 1 rear turret MG.
9. Ammunition --------- 57-mm , 100 rounds, SAA 2,745 rounds.
10. Engine --------- 120 brake horsepower.
11. Ground contact --------- 12 feet.
12. Width of track --------- 12 inches.
13. Track pitch --------- 6 inches.
14. Diameter rear sprocket --------- 30 inches.
15. Diameter bogie wheel --------- 9 inches.
16. High center of idler --------- 33 inches.

Figure 246. Model 89 B (1929) Medium tank.


1. Speed --------- 15 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 100 miles.
3. Gradient --------- 34 degrees.
4. Obstacles: trench --------- 8 feet 3 inches winde.
5. Obstacles: Step --------- 2 feet 9 inches high.
6. Obstacles: Ford --------- 3 feet 3 inches deep.




c. Japanese Medium tank Model 84 (1934).
Probabbly produced in 1934 in quantity, this tank (figure 247) has been extensively used in China. Comparison with the M2589 Models A and B shows that the return rollers have been reduced to four, the girder has been removed, and the skirting redesigned. The long front plate has a door on the left, above which is mounted the hull machine gun. The driver sits to the right. The Diesel engine has been increased to 160 break horsepower. With the above exceptions the M 2594 is practically identical with the M2589 B. This tank is often seen with a ditching trail.

1. Weight --------- 15 tons.
2. Length (including ditching tail). --------- 23 feet.
3. Width --------- 7 feet 1 inch.
4. Height --------- 8 feet 6 inches.
5. Clearance --------- 19 inches.
6. Crew --------- 4 men
7. Armor --------- 6-mm to 17-mm (0.24 to 0.67 inches).
8. Armament: Main --------- 1 - 57mm gun.
9. Armament: MG --------- 1 - Hull MG.
1 - Rear turret MG.
10. Ammunition --------- 57-mm 100 rounds, SAA 2,750 rounds.
11. Engine --------- 160 brake horsepower air cooled Diesel.
12. Ground contact --------- 12 feet.
13. Width of track --------- 12 inches.
14. Track pitch --------- 6 inches.
15. Diameter rear sprocket --------- 30 inches.
16. Diameter front idler --------- 36 inches.
17. Diameter bogie wheel --------- 0 inches.
18. Height to center of front idler --------- 33 inches.

Figure 247. Model 94 (1934) medium tank.


1. Speed --------- 20 miles per hour.
2. Range of action --------- 100 miles.
3. Gradient --------- 34 degrees.
4. Obatacles: Trench --------- 9 feet wide.
5. Obstacles: Step --------- 2 feet 9 inches high.
6. Obstacles: Ford --------- 3 feet 3 inches deep.




d. Japanese Medium tank Model 97 (1937).
Probably produced in 1937 - 1940. some of the design features of this tank (figure 248) are directly due to lessons learned from tankette and light tank construction. The four central bogie wheels are paired and mounted on bell cranks resisted by armored compression springs. Each end bogie wheel is independently bell crank mounted to the hull in a similar manner. There are three return rollers, the center one carrying the inside half of the track only. Backing plates are used to reinforce hull joints and corners. Numbers of these tanks are known to have been used in Burma. Other specimens were encountered on Guadalcanal.

1. Weight --------- 15 tons.
2. Length --------- 18 feet.
3. Width --------- 7 feet 8 inches.
4. Height --------- 7 feet 8 inches.
5. Clearance --------- 16 inches.
6. Crew --------- 4 men.
7. Armor --------- 8-mm to 25-mm (0.32 to 0.98 inch).
8. Armament: main --------- 1 - 57mm Model 97 gun.
9. Armament: Hull --------- 1 - 7.7mm Model 97 machine gun.
10. Rear turret --------- 1 - 7.7mm Model 97 machine gun.
11. Ammunition --------- 1) 57-mm 80 rounds HE.
2) 40 rounds APHE.
3) MG 2350 rounds ball.
4) 1350 rounds AP.
12. Engine --------- 12 cylinder Diesel.
13. Horsepower --------- 150 (365 theoratically indicated hp at 2,000 RPM based on reported engine specifications).
14. Transmission --------- 4 speed forward, 1 reverse - high low range.
15. Steering --------- Clutch brake.
16. Ground contact --------- 12 feet 8 inches.
17. Width of track --------- 13 inches.
18. Track pitch --------- 5 inches.
19. Diameter front sprocket --------- 23 inches.
20. Diameter rear idler --------- 23 inches.
21. Diameter bogie wheel --------- 21 inches.
22. Height to center of sprocket --------- 33 1/2 inches.
23. Fuel consumption --------- 4 gallons per hour.

Figure 248. Model 97 (1937) medium tank.


1. Speed --------- 25 miles per hour.
2. Radius of action --------- 100 miles.
3. Gradient --------- 34 degrees.
4. Obstacles: Trench --------- 8 feet 3 inches.
5. Obstacles: Step --------- 2 feet 6 inches high.
6. Obstacles: Ford --------- 3 feet 3 inches deep.


e. Japanese Medium tank (unidentified).
Probably produced in 1939, this tank is believed to have been employed in Corregidor. Its identity (figure 249) has not been confirmed. With the exception of the turret and main armament, it is basically the same in design as the Model 2597 medium tank. The turret has been improved to accommodate a modern high velocity gun, believed to be of 47-mm caliber. As usual there is a rear turret machine gun. The long overhanging rear portion of the turret would therefore provide more room for the simultaneous firing of both weapons. With the exception of the turret and armament, specifications are believed the same as those for the Model 2597 (1937) medium tank.




5. WWII JAPANESE HEAVY TANKS.

a. As of 1944, little is knwon of Japanese heavy tanks. as far as it can be ascertained, they have been produced only on limited numbers, as those seen have been reported as being clumsy, lightly armored, and of poor performance. In addition, some years prior to the war, a limited number of "heavies" were bought by Japan. The majority of these (including the "Vickers Independant", weight 32 tons) are obsolete.

b. In 1939, the battle of Nomonhan clearly demonstrated the inadequacy ofJapanese tanks. At the conclusion of this conflict considerable reorganization took place within the Japanese Army. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that the Japan is now in possession of a modern heavy tank.


6. WWII JAPANESE AMPHIBUOUS TANKS.
a. General. Little specific information is available concerning the Japanese development of this type of tank. Similar to the ground tanks, the first amphibians were purchased from foreign countries, a specific instance being the 3 to 4 ton "Vickers amphibious light tank". Several modifications of this are believed to have been produced by the Japanese.

b. Model 2594 (1934) light amphibuous tank. An unconfirmed report indicates the existance of a tank, tentatively identified as the Model 2594 (1934) light amphibious tank, prssessing the following specifications:

Weight ------------ 4 Tons.
Length ------------ 14 feet 10 inches.
Width ------------ 7 feet 11 inches.
Height ------------ 8 feet 10 inches.
Armament ------------ 1 - 37-mm gun, 1 Machine Gun.
Armor ------------ Up to 20-mm (0.79 inch).


It is considered that the armor and armament, coupled with the dimensions, are hardly compatible with a weight of only 4 tons.

c. New type amphibuous tank. The photograph illustrated in figure 250 shows the most modern trend yet encountered in Japanese tank design. No information is available to indicate the model number or date od production. The system of flotation is extremely interesting and is achieved by attachment of a bow and stern pontoon. Pontoons conform to the shape of the hull, and are attached by a series of pincer clamps which are controlled by a handwheel situated inside the tank, enabling their quick release if so desired.

The volumeof the bow pontoon is estimated at 220 cubic feet, and that of the stern pontoon at 106 cubic feet. Two rudders are situated in the stern pontoons and are operated from within the hull. Two propellers are fitted to the rear of the tank. With exceptions of the suspension, this tank is an entirely new Japanese design, the hull being simplified, reentrant angles eliminated, and welding used throughout. IN addition, the round turret is of a new type, characterized by its considerably increased diameter, giving the impression of greatly reduced height.

To prevent water entering rubber seals are fitted around all openings up to and including the turret ring. The tank hull is not divided into individual compartments. Suspension closely ressembles that of the M 2594 and M 2597 takettes, excepting that the compression springs are mounted within the vehicle. No specific details are available. But there are definite indications that the primary armament of this shows improvement. Of particular significance is the coaxial mounting of the turret machine gun.

As no Japanese tank has been encountered in the past with its weapons so mounted, This fact must be regarded as a radical departure in their tank design. The following data has been obtained from a preliminary examination;


WWII JAPANESE AMPHIBIUOS TANK SPECIFICATIONS

Weight;
Tank (only) ---------- 13 Tons (estimated)
Pontoons (only) ---------- 3 Tons(estimated)
Length;
Tank (only) ---------- 15 feet 8 inches.
With pontoons ---------- 24 feet 7 inches.
Width ---------- ---------- 9 feet 2 inches.
Height ---------- ---------- 7 feet 6 inches.
Ground clearance ---------- ---------- 14 inches.
Crew ---------- ---------- 5 men.
Armor
Turret - Sides ---------- 13.2-mm (0.52 inch).
Turret - Top ---------- 6-mm (0.25 inch)
Hull;
Front ---------- 12-mm (0.47 inch).
Sides ---------- 9-mm (0.55 inch).
Rear ---------- 8-mm (0.32 inch).
Top ---------- 6-mm (0.24 inch).
Bottom ---------- 8.5-mm (0.334)
Armament ---------- ---------- 1 - 37-mm model 1 (1941) in turret.
1 - 7.7-mm Machine Gun Coaxially mounted.
1 - 7.7-mm Machine Gun in hull forward.
Engine ---------- ---------- 6 cylinder air-cooled Diesel (reported to be identical with that in the model 2595 Light tank).
Fuel capacity ---------- ---------- 66 gallons (2 tanks).
Suspension ---------- ---------- 2 boagies on each side of vehicle. Bogies consist of 2 wheels mounted on a transverse even lever. rear trailing idler serves as an additional bogie.
Track
Length overall ---------- 32 feet 1 inch.
Ground contact ---------- 11 feet 1 inch.
Width ---------- 1 foot.
angle of approach ---------- 56 1/4"
Vision apertures and pistol ports
Hull ---------- 1 - 4x1 inch slit for drivers.
1 - 4x1/8 inch slit for hull gunner.
4 pistol ports, one on each quarter of the hull.
Turret ---------- 2 - 3.75 inch diameter vision ports, use on each side of the 37-mm gun.
2 - 4x1/8 inch slits, one on each side of the turret.
3 pistol ports. One at each side and one at the rear.
Safety glass ---------- Shatter proof blocks are are clamped over all vision slits to prevent "bullet splash" or entrance of water. Vision ports are protected by 3-inch safety glass windows.


Figure 250. Amphibious tank showing pontons.







7. WWII JAPANESE ARMORED CARS.

a. Japanese Armored car Model 25 (?) "Vickers Crossley".
This armored car (Figure 251) may be classified as obsolete and is readily identified by it hemispherical turret. A small domed cupula, in two hinged halves, surmounts the turret. Traverse 360 degrees, the turret mounts only two machine guns, although there is provision for four. Each of the weapon openings is covered with a small flap, which is closed when the gun is removed. All machine guns are of the Vickers type. Guns are ball mounted and have a limited traverse independant of the turret. The front wheels are single, while the rear wheels are dual. The chasis is believed to be standard commercial type weighing 2.8 tons. In the past, this armored car was incorrectly classified as the "OSAKA" Model 2592 (1932).

APPROXIMATE SPECIFICATIONS

Weight ---------- 5.4 tons.
Length ---------- 16 feet 6 inches.
Width ---------- 6 feet 2 inches.
Height ---------- 8 feet 6 inches
Ground clearance ---------- 10 inches
Crew ---------- 4 men
Armament ---------- 2 Vickers machine guns.
Armor ---------- 5.5-mm (0.217 inches)
Ammunition ---------- 3,500 rounds
Engine ---------- 4 cylinders, 50 horsepower "Crossley"
Fuel ---------- Gasoline
Fuel capacity ---------- 26 gallons
Cooling ---------- Water
Drive ---------- Rear axle
Speed ---------- 40 miles per hour
Range of action ---------- 124 miles

Figure 251. Model 25 (?) "Vickers crossley" armored car.




b. Japanese Armored car Model 92 (1932) naval type.
This vehicle was likely produced in 1932. The insignia indicates that it (figure 252) is a naval vehicle. In addition to the machine gun in the front and rear, one is mounted on each side of the hull. One is also mounted in the turret. Semielliptic springs provide the suspension for the 6 disc wheel chassis. Wheels are fitted with pneumatic tires. To prevent bellying, when crossing rough terrain, auxiliary wheels are mounted on the frame to the rear of the front wheels.

The radiator is provided with armored shutters. Reconnaissance and guard duties constitute the chief role for this vehicle.

APPROXIMATE SPECIFICATIONS
Weight ---------- 7 tons.
Length ---------- 15 feet 9 inches.
Width ---------- 5 feet 11 inches.
Height ---------- 7 feet 6 inches.
Ground clearance ---------- 16 incehs.
crew ---------- 4 men.
Armamnent ---------- 5 MG's
armor ---------- 8 to 11 mm (0.32 to 0.43 inch).
Engine ---------- 6 cylinder, 85 brake horse power.
Cooling ---------- Water

Figure 252. Model 92 (1932) naval type armored car.


APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

Speed ---------- 50 miles per hour


c. Japanese Armored car Model 92 (1932) "OSAKA".
Until recently (1944), considerable confusio has existed between this armored car and the model 25(?) "Vickers Crossley", specifications of the "Osaka" being attributed to the later vehicle. While no details are available, it is believed that the "Osaka" is of Japanese origin, a standard commercial chassis being used for its manufacture. Wheels are fitted with pneumatic tires. The front single and the rear dual mounted. Machine guns are of the Vickers type; One is mounted in the front of the turret.As an extensive free traverse has been allowed to this gun, it is considered possible that the turret is fixed and cannot be traversed. As the design of the driver's front plate gives no indication that the second machine gun is mounted in the front of the hull, it is probable that this weapon is mounted at the rear of the vehicle.

APPROXIMATE SPECIFICATIONS

Weight ---------- 6.4 ton.
Length ---------- 16 feet 5 inches
Width ---------- 6 feet
Heght ---------- 8 feet 8 inches
Ground clearance ---------- 11 inches
Crew ---------- 4 to 5 men
Armament ---------- 2 MG's
Armor ---------- 8 to 11 mm (0.32 to 0.43 inches)
Engine ---------- 4 cylinders, 35 horse power.
Fuel ---------- Gasoline.
Cooling ---------- Water


APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

Speed ---------- 37 miles per hour
Range of action ---------- 150 miles


d. Japanese Armored car Model 1933 (Sumida).
This vehicle (figure 253) has been used extensively in China and was specially designed to run either on railway lines or hard roads. To effect the change from rails to road, the vehicle is raised up by 4 built in jacks. solid rubber tires then are placed over the 6 flanged steel wheels, and the vehicle can be driven off the rails onto the road. This operation is said to take 10 minutes. When traveling on rails, 3 solid rubber tires are attached on each side of the hull.

APPROXIMATE SPECIFICATIONS

Weight ---------- 7.5 tons.
lengtgh ---------- 21 feet 6 inches.
Width ---------- 6 feet 3 inches.
Height ---------- 9 feet 8 inches
Ground clearance ---------- 16 inches
Crew ---------- 6 men
Armament ---------- 1 MG mounted in turret. Slits for rifles or LMG's
Armor ---------- Up to 16-mm (0.63 inch).
Enigne ---------- 40 horsepower
Fuel ---------- Gasoline
Vision ---------- Drivers visor slits and gun ports.

Figure 253. Model 93 (1933) "Sumida" armored car.


APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

Speed on rails ---------- 37 miles per hour.
Speed on road ---------- 25 miles per hour.








8. ARMAMENT OF JAPANESE WWII ARMORED UNITS.
The following weapons are known to be used in Japanese tanks and armored cars:

a. Japanese Model 91 (1931) 6.5-mm MG.
This weapon (figure 254) is merely the infantry machine gun, Model 11 (1922) adapted to tank requirements by the removal of the bipod. It is considered possible that it has now been replaced largely by the better designed and heavier calibered Model 97 (1937) 7.7-mm machine gun. For detailed characteristics of th Model 11, see Chapter 9, Sec. II.

b. Japanese Model 97 (1937) 7.7-mm MG.
This is the standard machine gun (figure 255) at present used by Japanese tanks. A sholder controlled weapon, it is fitted with conventional sights. It may readily be identified by the specially designed modified stock. When used for tank purposes, a fixed focus telescopic sight of 1 1/2 power x 30 degrees field of view is usually fitted. To prevent injury to the gunner, a heavy rubber eye pad is attached to the rear of the scope. By the addition of a bipod, this weapon may be converted to ground purposes.

CHARACTERISTICS
Caliber ---------- 7.7-mm (.303 inch)
Principle of operation ---------- Gas operated, full automatic only.
Type of feed ---------- Vertical box
Magazine capacity ---------- 30 rounds
Length of barrel ---------- 28 inches
Overall length ---------- 46 inches
Weight ---------- 34 pounds
Cyclic rate of fire ---------- 500 rounds per minute.
Ammunition ---------- Fires special model 99 rimless.



Figure 255.
Model 97 (1937) 7.7-mm tank machine gun. (The lower figur eillustrates the armor shield normally used when this machine gun is mounted in a tank).
Figure 255-a. 7.7-mm ammunition.


c. Japanese Model 94 (1934) 37-mm tank gun.
Although bearing the same type number as the field piece of similar caliber, these two weapons must in no way be confused, for each has been designed for its own specific purpose. In addition, ammunition is not interchangeable, as the chamber of the tank gun (figure 256) is considerably smaller than that of the antitank gun. The gun appears to constitute the primary armament of Japanese light tanks. In addition, there is evidence that one model of tankette is similarly equipped. It is considered that this weapon has neither the performance nor armor piercing qualities of the U.S. 37-mm tank gun. Mounted in turret, the Japanese weapon is carried by two sets of trunnions, one set allowing the gun a limited "free" traverse, while the other permits the gun to be elevated or depresses.

Traverse and elevation/depression are manually appliedby means of an adjustable shoulder rest attached to the left side of the cradle. The main traverse is obtained by rotating the turret. Telescopic sight, pistol type grip, and trigger are mounted to the left of the gun.

CHARACTERISTICS
Caliber ---------- 37-mm (1.46 inch).
Muzzle velocity ---------- 2,100 feet per second (estimated)
Maximum elevation ---------- +24 degrees
Maximum depression ---------- -20 degrees
Traverse ---------- 10 degree right, 10 degree left, without rotating the turret.
Breech mechanism ---------- Vertical sliding, semiautomatic in action
Recoil system ---------- Hydrospring
Ammunition ---------- APHE and HE



Figure 256. Model 94 (1934) 37-mm tank gun.


d. Japanese Model 1 (1941) 37-mm tank gun.
This gun has been recovered but detailed examination has not yet been made (as of 1944). However, from the length of the barrel and the size of the chamber, a muzzle velocity much higher than that of Model 94 (1934) 37-mm tank gun may be expected, and it is believed that this gun will have good armor piecing qualities.



e. Japanese Model 97 (1937) 57-mm tank gun.
It is believed that this weapon (figure 257) is the standard heavy armamnent of Japanese medium tanks. The gun is mounted in the turret and is manually controlled. Elevation and depression are free. The weapon may be traversed also approximately 10 degrees to the left and right, independently of the turret.

Although several specimens have been captured, the condition of the guns have prevented a detailed examination. Sufficient information is available , however, to indicate that it is a short barreled , medium velocity weapon that would be more suitable for employment against ground troops. This would appear to conform to the Japanese past policy of using mainly tanks for the close support of infantry, rather than for tank vs. tank action.

No information is available to indicate id=f this policy is still being adhered to, or whether the future trend will be to substitute a high velocity weapon similar to the Model 1 (1941) 47-mm antitank gun (for characteristics see chapter 9, sec II).

CHARACTERISTICS
Caliber ---------- 57-mm (2.24 inches)
Weight ---------- 283 pounds.
Length of tube ---------- 3 feet 1.6 inches
Length of chamber ---------- 5.1 inches.
Number of lands and grooves ---------- 20.
Maximum length of recoil ---------- 11 inches.
Maximum elevation ---------- +45 degrees.
Traverse ---------- 10 degrees right, 10 degrees left without rotating the turret.
Type of breechblock ---------- Vertical sliding.
Ammunition ---------- only high explosive rounds have been recovered to date (1944). They are characterized by a rather short cartridge case.



Figure 257. Model 97 (1937) 57-mm tank gun (showing its appearance from outside the turret).


f. Japanese Model 90 (1930) 57-mm tank gun. No information is available as of 1944 concernign this wepon. Photogrpahs of early Japanese tanks suggest that this gun is a short barreled piece resembling the Model 97. It is probable tha the Model 90 was the forerunner of the latter weapon.

g. Japanese 47-mm tank gun.
While no details are available, indications are that the Japanese are now mounting a 47-mm gun in their medium tanks. It is also reported that a model of the light tank is mounting a weapon of this caliber. It is reasonable to assume that this gun is a modern, high velocity antitank piece, in all probability, a modified form of the Model 1 (1941) gun adapted to tank purposes. For characteristics of the Model 1 (1941) 47-mm antitank gun, see section II, chapter 9.