36. Introduction.
Correct positions are essential for accurate shooting. It is not to be expected that every individual can assume the exact positions illustrated in this text. Slight variations from those shown in these illustrations are permissible. The correct position is one that is perfectly comfortable, relaxed, and provides the individual with the best foundation for steadiness in aiming the rifle.
First, get into a comfortable position, for no matter how steady the position is initially, it is not possible to maintain that steadiness unless the position is comfortable. In all positions, emphasis should be laid on seeing that the rifle points naturally toward the bull's-eye. If this is not done, an abnormal amount of muscular effort must be exerted in order to keep the rifle correctly pointed, with the result that when the firer concentrates on aiming and squeezing the trigger, the rifle often has a tendency to drift back to a less strained position.
PLATE 17.
37. The Gun Sling.
The sling is used to carry the rifle on the march and to steady it in firing. By proper use of the sling, the firer is enabled to hold the rifle more steadily, aim better and reduce the recoil against the shoulder. The sling should be tight enough to support the rifle but not so tight as to cause it to bind the muscles, create excessive pulsations or to cramp the firer so as to cause him to assume a strained position. The proper sling adjustment is one in which. the sling supports the rifleman and assists him in holding the rifle steady without undue muscular effort. The result should be that the rifleman feels that he and the rifle are bound together as one, that the body is relaxed and that the position is comfortable.
A sling that is too tight produces tension which, in turn, causes unsteadiness and results in wild shots. There are two authorized adjustments, the loop sling and the hasty sling. The hasty sling is more rapidly adjusted than the loop sling, but it gives less support in positions other than the standing position.
38. Loop Sling Adjustment.
See Plate 17 for full details of the loop sling adjustment. 1£ the sling is too tight, or too loose. when you have assumed the position, make the adjustment by moving the upper loop hook. When the correct adjustment has been found, the position of the holes in the upper loop sling should be marked in some manner for future identification.
PLATE 17a.
39. Hasty Sling Adjustment. (Plate 18).
a. Loosen the lower loop.
b. Grasp the rifle just ia rear of the lower band swivel (M-l903 rifle), or of the stock ferrule swivel (M-l rifle) with the left hand and grasp the small of the stock with the right band.
c. Throw the sling to the left and catch it above the elbow and high on the arm.
d. Remove the left hand from the rifle, pass the left band under the sling, then over the sling and regrasp the rifle with the left hand so as to cause the sling to lie along the hand and wrist. The sling may be given one-half turn to the left and then adjusted. This twisting causes the sling to lie smoothly along the hand and wrist.
e. If the sling is too tight, or too loose, make adjustments by changing the lower loop hook.
f. When the correct adjustment is found, the position of the holes in the sling where the hook is placed, should be marked in some manner for future 1dent1fication.
PLATE 18.
40. Taking, up the Slack.
The slack is the first movement of the trigger which takes
place when light pressure is applied. Taking up the slack is part of the position exercises
because this play must be taken up by the finger as soon as the correct position is assumed
and before careful aiming is commenced. The entire amount of slack in the trigger is
taken up by one positive movement of the finger; if it is taken up by a slow gradual pressure
the pupil cannot know when the entire amount has been taken up. The pupil will be
instructed and assisted in assuming a comfortable, relaxed position and it is how to get
the rifle correctly pointed and aimed at the bull's-eye.
41. Holding the Breath.
To hold the breath, draw in a little more air than in an ordinary
breath, let out a little, and keep the remainder by closing the throat in such a manner
so that the rest of the air in the lungs presses against the closed throat. Do not hold the
breath with the throat open or by the muscular action of the diaphragm. The correct
holding of the breath makes the rifle steadier during the final check of the aim and in the
process of squeezing the trigger.
42, Aiming and Use of the Aiming Device.
The rifle is carefully aimed at a target each time a firing position is assumed. The aiming device may be used by the
coach to check the aim.
43. General Rules for Positions.
The general rule which follow are common to the
prone, sitting, kneeling, and standing positions. The exact details of a position for any
particular individual will depend on the conformation of the man.
| a. | To assume any position, except the prone po5ition, half face to the right and then assume the position. |
| b. | Upon assuming any position there is some point to which the rifle points naturally and without effort. If this point is not the center of the target, the whole body may be shifted so as to bring the rifle into pro"pcr alignment. Otherwise the firer will be firing under a strain because he will be pulling the rifle toward the target by muscular effort for each shot. |
PLATE 19.
| c. | The right hand grasps the small of the stock. For the M-1903 rifle the right thumb may be either around the small of the stock or along the right side of the stock. For the M-1 rifle the right thumb may be either over the small of the stock or over the top of the stock; it should not be placed alongside the stock. |
| d. | The left hand is against or near the lower band swivel (M-1903 rifle), or the stock ferrule swivel (M-1 rifle), wrist straight, rifle placed in the crotch formed by the thumb and index finger and resting on the heel of the hand. |
| e. | The left elbow will be as nearly under the riffe as it can be placed without appreciable effort. |
| f. | Ordinarily the second joint of the index finger contacts the trigger. The first joint may be used by men the length of whose arm or the size of whose hand is such as to make it difficult to reach the trigger with the second joint, or to whom the first joint of the finger seems more natural and comfortable. |
PLATE 20 and PLATE 20a.
| g. | The cheek is pressed firmly against the stock and placed as far forward as possible without strain to bring the eye near the rear sight. |
| h. | The butt of the rifle is held firmly against the shoulder. |
| i. | The rifle should not be canted. |
| j. | Left-handed men who have difficulty with the right-hand position will be allowed to use the left-hand position. |
44. The Prone Position.
a. With the M-1903 rifie.
(1) Body lying at an angle of 45
degrees to the line of aim with the spine straight; legs well apart; inside of the feet flat
on the ground, or as nearly so as is possible without strain; elbows well under the body
PLATE 21.
so as to raise the chest off the ground; right hand grasping the small of the stock;
left hand near the lower band swivel, wrists straight, the rifle placed in the crotch
formed by the thumb and the index finger and resting on the heel of the hand; cheek
pressed firmly against the stock with the eye as near the cocking piece as it can be
placed without straining; gun sling properly adjusted and tight enough to give firm
support.
(2) The elbows should not be unduly spread apart because such separation results in
an unsteady position and brings the chest so near the ground that the neck has to be
strained backward in order to see through the sights. This strained position of the neck
interferes with good vision and tends to make the firer unsteady. The exact angle of the
arm, to the ground will depend somewhat upon the conformation of the man. The right
elbow should be so placed that the right upper arm will not form an angle of less than
45 degrees with the ground.
(3) The exact position of the left band will depend on the length of arm and width
of chest of the individual. It should be as near the lower band swivel as the conformation
of the man will permit. The left hand will never be placed against, or near the trigger guard.
(4) A tight gun sling will feel uncomfortable until the muscles of the arm have
become accustomed to the pressure. When the gun sling is properly adjusted it is necessary
to raise the right elbow from the ground in order to place the butt of the rifle
against the shoulder.
b. With the M-l rifie.
(1) In assuming the prone position the body should lie at an
angle of about 45 degrees to the line of aim with the spine straight. The exact angle
of the body to the line of aim will depend upon the conformation of the firer. The
legs should be well apart, the inside of the feet Bat on the ground, or as nearly so
as can be attained without strain. Elbows should be well under the body so as to raise
the chest off the ground. The right hand grasps the smaH of the stock. The left hand
should be near the stock ferrule swivel, as far forward as is comfortable and convenient
for the individual firer, wrist straight, rifle placed in the crotch formed by the thumb
and index finger and resting on the heel of the hand. The cheek should be firmly
pressed against the stock with the eye as close to rear sight as is possible, without straining
the neck muscles. The sling should be just sufficiently tight to offer support, but
not so tight as to have a tendency to pull tl1e left elbow to the left. The right thumb
may be over the small of the stock or on top of the stock; it should not be placed
alongside the stock.
(2) The exact details of the position will vary, depending upon the conformation
of the individual firer. However, the firer must secure a position that will not be
changed by the recoil of the weapon. When the correct position has been attained it
will be found that upon discharge the muzzle will move slightly up and very slightly
to the right, and that it will then settle back close to the original aiming point.
45. The Sandbag Rest Position, (Plate 21).
| a. | Rifleman takes the correct prone position. |
| b. | Sights aligned on the bull's-eye. |
| c. | Coach straddles rifle barrel and adjusts the sandbag to secure rifleman's left arm, wrist and hand, without deranging the aim of the rifleman. |
| d. | The rifleman uses the sandbag in addition to the sling for support in this position. |
46. The Sitting Position.
| a. | The firer sits half-faced to the right, feet well apart and well braced on the heels, which arc dug slightly into the ground. |
| b. | Body leaning well forward from the hips with back straight. |
| c. | Both arms resting inside the legs and well supported. |
| d. | Cheek pressed firmly against the stock and placed as far forward as possible without straining. |
| e. | Left hand near the lower band swivel (M-1903 rifle) or stock ferrule swivel (M-l rifle), wrist straight, rifle placed in the crotch formed by the thumb and index finger and resting on the heel of the hand. |
47. When Used.
The sitting position is used in the field when firing from ground that slopes downward to the front. In practicing this position the feet may be slightly lower than the ground upon which the pupil sits. Sitting on a low sandbag is authorized.
48, Alternate Sitting Position.
In the event the conformation of a man is such that he cannot assume the prescribed normal position, such changes as may be necessary to secure a steady comfortable position are authorized.
49. The Kneeling Position. (Plate 23).
| a. | The firer kneels half-faced to the right on the right knee, sitting on the right heel. |
| b. | The left knee bent so that the left lower leg is vertical (as seen from the front). |
| c. | Left arm well under the rifle and resting on the left knee with the point of the elbow beyond the kneecap. |
| d. | Right elbow above or at the height of the shoulder . |
| e. | Cheek pressed firmly against the stock and placed as far forward as possible without strain. |
50. Position of the Right Foot in the Kneeling Position.
Sitting on the side of the foot instead of the heel is authorized.
PLATE 22 and PLATE 22a.
51. The Standing Position. (Plate 24).
a. Normally the hasty sling 1s used m this position.
b. The firer stands half-faced to the right.
c, Feet from 1 to 2 feet apart.
d. Body erect and well balanced.
e. Lift elbow well under the rifle,
PLATE 23 and PLATE 23a.
PLATE 24 and PLATE 24a.
f. The left hand in front of the balance, wrist straight, rifle place in the crotch formed by the thumb and index finger and resting on the heel of the hand. g. The butt of the piece high up on the shoulder and firmly held. h. The right elbow approximately at the height of the shoulder. i. The check pressed against the stock and placed as far forward as possible without strain. j. When squeezing the trigger in this position relax the stomach and leg muscles to prevent jerking the trigger. Note. A position with the left hand against or under the trigger guard and with the left upper arm supported against the body is not a practical field position and is prohibited.
52. Procedure in Conducting Position Exercises.
a. Small bull's-eyes are used as aiming points. These bull's-eyes should be plated at a range of 1,000 inches and at different heights so that in aiming from various positions the rifle will be nearly horizontal, or standard known-distance targets may be installed at distances used on the known-distance range.
b. Before taking up each phase of the position exercise the instructor assembles his squad or group, and:
(1) Shows them the proper method of blackening the front and rear sights of the rifle, and has each pupil blacken his sights.
(2) Explains and demonstrates the hasty sling adjustment and assists each pupil to adjust his sling. He explains the loop sling adjustment and assists each pupil to adjust his sling.
(3) Explains and demonstrates the proper manner of taking up the slack and has each pupil practice it.
(4) Explains and demonstrates the proper manner of holding the breath and has each pupil practice it.
(5) Explains and demonstrates the use of the aiming device.
(6) Explains the general rules which apply to all positions.
(7) Explains and demonstrates the different positions.
| c. | Following explanations and demonstrations the instruction becomes individual by the coach and pupil method. Each pupil, after seeing his sights are blackened, adjusts his sling, takes position, takes up the slack, aims carefully, and holds his breath while aiming. As soon as his aim becomes unsteady the exercise ceases. After a short rest the pupil repeats the exercise without further command. The trigger is not squeezed in the position exercises. Exercises are conducted in all positions. |
d. Duties of the coach. In the position exercises the coach sees that:
| (1) | The sights are blackened. |
| (2) | The gun sling is properly adjusted, is tight enough to give support, and is high up on the arm. |
| (3) | The proper position is taken. |
| (4) | The slack is taken up promptly. |
| (5) | The pupil aims. |
| (6) | The breath is held while aiming. The coach checks the pupil's manner of holding his breath by watching his back. The pupil's aim may be checked occasionally by means of the aiming device. |
1. What is the purpose of the gun sling?
2. What are the two authorized methods of adjusting the sling?
| 3. | a. When is the loop sling used? |
| b. When is the hasty sling used? |
| 5. | a. What is the position of the right hand on the stock with the M-l903 rifle? |
| b. What is the position of the left hand on the rifle with the M-l903 rifle? | |
| c. How much of the right hand should be used to squeeze the trigger? | |
| d. What does one use the cheek for in firing? |
53. Importance of the Trigger Squeeze.
To become proficient in rifle marksmanship
there is one requisite that exceeds all others in importance; the ability to properly squeeze
the trigger. With his sights kept properly aligned on the target, the firer, in squeezing
the trigger, applies such a steady increase in pressure that he realizes that the piece has
been fired only after the bullet is on its way.
No attempt is made to fire the rifle the instant at which the sights arc aligned. The
rifle is held steadily and is discharged only when the sights are on the bull's-eye. Should
they get slightly out of alignment, the pressure on the trigger is held until the sights
are again in line. This method of trigger squeeze applies to both slow and rapid fire. The
increase of pressure on the trigger is timed identically in both. Particular attention should
be given to the proper application of correct trigger squeeze in all simulated firing, or the
value of the practice is lost. The difference between poor shots and good shots is measured
in their ability to squeeze the trigger properly.
54. Calling the Shot.
The pupil must always notice where the sights are pointed at the instant the rifle is fired, and call out at once where he thinks the bullet will hit. Shots are called even when simulating fire at a mark, so as to acquire the habit and to develop a
PLATE 25
closer hold. No man can become a good shot until he is able to call his shot before it is marked. Inability to call a shot indicates the firer did not know where the sights were pointing at the time the rifle was fired; in other words, he shut his eyes first and fired afterward.
55. Trigger Squeeze Exercise.
a. The instructor explains to the assembled squad or group the importance of correct trigger squeeze. He assures himself by questions that each pupil understands what is meant by a "steady increase of pressure;" that is, that the increase is only applied when the aim is correct and then by a steady increase and not by a sudden pressure. The instructor explains the necessity for calling the shot. The above points having been explained the instruction becomes individual by the coach-and pupil method supervised by the instructor.
b. The pupil is first taught the trigger squeeze in the prone position with the sandbag rest. In this position he can hold steadily and has not the temptation to "snap" the shot the instant the front sight touches the bull's-eye, as he has in a less steady position. After he has learned the principles of correct trigger squeeze with the sandbag rest he is instructed in the other positions, but for the first half day at least he is not allowed to squeeze the trigger except in the prone position, first with, and then witho11t, the sandbag rest.
c. A great deal of trigger squeeze exercise is necessary, but it must be carefully watched and coached. Trigger squeeze exercise that is not along the right lines is worse than none.
d. Soldiers will not be allowed to simulate fire until they have been thoroughly instructed in trigger squeeze, and then in all drills and field exercises where fire is simulated they will be cautioned to aim at definite objects and to carry out the correct principles of aiming, squeezing the trigger, and calling the shot. Careless trigger squeezing in field exercises may injure a soldier's chance of becoming a good shot.
56. Duties of the Coach in Trigger-Squeeze Exercises.
| a. | To see that the sights are blackened. |
| b. | To see that the gun sling is properly adjusted, is tight enough to give support, and is high up on the arm. |
| c. | To see that the proper position is taken. |
| d. | To see that the slack is taken up promptly. |
| e. | To see that the aim is correct. He occasionally checks the aim by means of the aiming device. |
| f. | To see that the breath is held while aiming. He checks the breathing by watching the back of the pupil under instruction. |
| g. | To see that the trigger is squeezed properly (only when aim is correct and then only by a steady pressure). |
| h. | To see that the pupil calls the shot. |
| 1. | State the four steps performed in squeezing the trigger. |
| 2. | What is the most important secret of successful rifle shooting? |
| 3. | What has the firer done if he knows when the firing pin is being released? |
| 4. | What results when you icrk the trigger? |
| 5. | What method should you use in squeezing the trigger? |
| 6. | You are aiming at the bull's-eye and squeezing the trigger. Your sight alignment moves off the bull's-eye; what should you do? |
| 7. | As a coach observing the firer, how can you tell by the firer's eye when he jerks the trigger? |
| 8. | What is the value of training to the firer in calling the location of each shot? |
57. Introduction.
All instruction given thus far is applicable both for slow fire and rapid fire, in which a definite number of shots must be fired with a specified time limit. The time limit varies at different ranges. Ten shots are usually fired at all ranges. The methods used in aiming and the steady squeezing of the trigger are the same as used in slow fire. In rapid fire, time is gained by reloading the magazine quickly, working the bolt rapidly, and by keeping the eye on the target while working the bolt. Accuracy need not be sacrificed for speed in rapid fire. Plate 26 illustrates the method of reloading in the various positions. Rapid fire exercises should be given under conditions simulating actual range practice as nearly as possible.
Full sized targets should be installed at ranges of 200, 300, and 500 yards. The preparatory instruction in. rapid fire includes two phases:
a. bolt operation.
b. simulated fire with practice dummy cartridges.
58. Bolt-operation Exercise.
a. General.
(1) This exercise is held for the purpose of acquiring a smooth and rapid bolt operation. The trigger is not pressed but is tied back to the trigger guard in order to cause the bolt action to be the same as it is when the trigger has been pressed. If the trigger is not thus tied the piece will remain cocked when the bolt is shoved home, and the amount of force necessary to raise the bolt again will be less than when actually firing or simulating fire.
(2) Practice in bolt 0peration exercise will be held in all positions and no pupil will be considered proficient until he can operate the bolt at least 20 times in 20 seconds while in the prone position. The first hour of rapid-fire training will be devoted to bolt operation exercises. Thereafter each pupil will be given additional practice from time to time until he is considered proficient.
(3) The bolt-operation exercise is conducted as follows:
(a) The instructor places his squad or group in line, has each man tie the trigger to the back of the trigger guard, and explains why this is done.
(b) The instructor explains and demonstrates that the bolt is jerked fully back and forced home with practically one motion, instead of by four distinct motions as men are inclined to do at first.
PLATE 26
(c) The instructor demonstrates the bolt-operation exercise, emphasizin1 the duties of the coach as outlined below.
(d) The above points having been explained, the instructor places his squad or group in line, arranged in pairs to act as coach and pupil, requires the pupils to assume a firing position, and personally gives the commands for starting and stopping the exercises. Frequent changes of coach and pupil are necessary to prevent undue fatigue.
59. Duties of the Coach in Bolt Operation Exercises.
In the bolt operation exercise the coach watches the following points:
| a. | That the bolt is operated properly and rapidly. |
| b. | That the eye is kept on the target. |
| c. | That the right hand is brought to the small of the stock, the rifle to a horizontal position, and the cheek placed against the stock, each time the bolt is closed. |
| d. | That the butt of the rifle is kept against the shoulder. |
| e. | That the elbows arc kept on the ground if in the prone position, or between the legs if in the sitting position. |
| f. | That no attempt is made to aim or press the trigger. |
60. Taking Positions Rapidly. a, Prone position. There are two methods of assuming the prone position. (l) First method. The movement is described by the numbers for the purpose of instruction in the sequence of the movement. After this sequence is learned the position will be taken as one motion. (See Plate 27.)
PLATE 27
1. Being at the ready, sling adjusted, points selected at which right and left elbows are to rest when in the prone position, and the point on the ground just below the butt of the rifle when in the firing position marked, the rifle grasped with the left hand just below the lower b:md and the right hand at the heel of the stock, bend both knees to the ground.
2. Place the butt of the rifle on the groupd at the point marked.
3. Place the left elbow on the ground.
4. Place the butt of the rifle against the right shoulder with the right band, at the same time spreading the feet apart.
5. Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and place the right elbow on the ground.
(2) Second method.
The movement is described by the numbers for the purpose of instruction in the sequence of movement. After this sequence is learned the position will be taken as one motion. These movements will bring the firer into his normal position with the rifle pointing at the target.
Care should he taken to place the butt of the rifle on the ground without jar and to place the elbows on the ground in the same manner. With practice this position can be assumed very rapidly and without shock. When properly done the feet will still be sliding into position when the rifle is being placed on the shoulder, and the left elbow will come to the ground at almost the same time that the backward movement of the body is compleltd. (See Plate 21.)
1. Being at the ready, sling adjusted, points selected at which right and left elbows are to rest when in the prone position, throw the right foot well back and bend the left knee as low as possible, placing the butt of the rifle on the ground 4 or 5 inches to the left, and slightly in front of the spot where the right elbow is to rest. The grip of the rifle is retained with both hands.
2. Place the right elbow on the ground.
3. Place the left leg back near the right one, feet apart, and slide well back while lying on the belly.
4. Take the butt of the rifle off the ground and place it against the right shoulder.
5. Lower the left elbow to the ground.
6. Rushing.
Rushes are not used in the rifle marksmanship course but may be practiced in preparation for field firing. (1) Being in the prone position with the rifle loaded and locked and with the sight leaf laid down, loop sling adjusted on the left arm, the command is:
1. Prepare to rush,
2. UP. At the command prepare to rush (see Plate 29):
PLATE 28
1. Draw the arms in until the hands are opposite the chin, elbows down and away from the body. At the command UP:
2. Raise the body by straightening the arms.
3. Shift the weight of the body to the right leg and arm and bring the left leg forward with the knee fully bent.
4. Spring forward and run to the firing point. Grasp the rifle with both hands, left hand just below the lower band and the right hand at the small of the stock.
(2) Upon arrival at the firing point:
1. Advance the left foot, turning it across the front of the body.
2. Drop forward on the outside of the left knee and at the same time extend the rifle, grasped in both hands and held vertically, so that the butt strikes the ground at full arm's length directly in front of the left knee.
3. Pivoting on the left knee and the butt of the rifle, roll forward on to the left elbow and left side.
4, With the right hand raise the sight leaf, unlock the piece, and place the butt of the rifle on the right shoulder.
5. Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and place the right elbow on the ground.
(3) If the hasty sling is used (see Plate 30) it will be necessary to modify the steps in taking the prone position described in (2), 3 and 4 above, respectively, as follows:
1. Pivoting on the left knee and the butt of the rifle, roll forward on the right elbow and right side.
2. Throw the sling to the left and catch it above the elow and high on the arm. Remove the left hand from the rifle, pass the left hand under the sling and then over the sling, and re-grasp the rifle just below the lower band with the left hand. Place the left elbow on the ground.
c. Sitting position.
(1) To assume the sitting ponition rapicl1y, break the fall by placing the right hand on the ground slightly to the right rear of the spot on which to sit, (See Plate 31.)
(2) In practicing for range firing. first sit down and aim at the target in the normal.
PLATE 29 and PLATE 30
Sitting position. Then mark the position of the heels and the spot on which to sit. Then at the command "Ready on the firing line, stand with the heels" in the places made for them. As the target appears, sit down on the spot marked, breaking the fall with the right hand, place the butt of the rifle on the shoulder with me nght hand, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand, and assume the aiming position.
PLATE 31
d. Kneeling position.
To assume the kneeling position rapidly:
(1) From standing.
First kneel and aim at the target in tho normal kneeling position. Then mark the position of the feet and the right knee. At the command Ready on the firing line, stand with the feet in the places ,marked for them. As the target appears kneel with the right knee on the spot marked, place the butt of the rifle on the shoulder with the right hand, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and assume the aiming position.
(2) After a rush. Upon arrival at the firing point, kneel on the right knee, with the right hand raise the sight leaf, unlock the piece, and place the butt of the rifle against the right shoulder. Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and assume the aiming position.
e. Practice required.
Taking position rapidly from the standing position and after a run should be practiced at will, using the coach-and-pupil system.
61. Rapid-Fire Exercise.
a. General. The instructor assembles his squad or group and explains and demonstrates:
(1) The correct method of loading a clip of ammunition into the magazine, using dummy cartridges for the demonstration.
(2) The working of the bolt while in the prone and sitting positions.
(3) The disadvantage of looking into the chamber while working the bolt and of looking into the magazine to see if there are any more cartridges left.
(4) That the follower holds the bolt back when the magazine is empty.
(5) That the butt of the rifle is never taken from the shoulder when working the bolt.
(6) That a quick, confident movement of the band in taking the clip from the belt and placing it in the clip slot is more rapid than a hurried movement.
b. Procedure.
In conducting rapid-fire exercises, the group under instruction is paired off, coach and pupil, and placed on line. Full-sized targets are placed at 200 and 300 yards from the men under instruction, with some simple arrangement permitting the target to be exposed to view for the prescribed period of time.
Rapid-fire exercises may be conducted at shorter ranges using targets proportionately reduced in size. Sights are set to correspond to the range being used. The commands and procedure are exactly the same rapid fire on the rifle range except that practice dummy ammunition is used. For example, the pupil stands with sights properly set and blackened, sling adjusted on his arm, and with two clips of practice dummy cartridges in his belt.
The instructor, after announcing the range and the position to be used, commands;
1. With dummy cartridges, LOAD,
2. Refldy on the right,
3. Ready on the left,
4. Ready on the firing line.
5. CEASE FIRING,
6. UNLOAD.
At the first command the rifles are loaded and locked. At the fourth command rifles are unlocked. When the target is exposed pupils take position rapidly and attempt to simulate firing 10 rounds, reloading from the belt.
Upon completion of the exercise any cartridges remaining in the rifle are removed and the bolts left open. The sight leaf is immediately laid. During simulated firing the soldier should never take his eye from the target except to reload. He should count his shots as he fires in order to know when the magazine is empty and thus avoid the loss of time incident to the effort of shoving the bolt forward when the follower blocks the bolt. The exercise is conducted from the standing position to the prone, sitting, and kneeling positions, and from the prone position rushing forward to the prone and kneeling positions.
62. Duties of Coach in Rapid-Fire Exercises.
In a rapid-fire exercise the coach watches the following points:
| a. | That the sights are blackened. |
| b. | That the gun sling is properly adjusted. |
| c. | That the correct position is taken. |
| d. | That the slack is taken up promptly. |
| e. | That the breath is held while aiming. |
| f. | That the trigger is squeezed properly. |
| g. | That the bolt is worked rapidly and that the eye is kept on the target, the elbows in place and the butt of the rifle to the shoulder while working the bolt. |
| h. | That the magazine is reloaded quickly and without fumbling. The coach must be alert and correct all errors. |
63. Loading the Rifle
(second clip) in Various Rapid-Fire Positions, Rules for proper loading of the rifle in various rapid-fire positions:
| a. | Place the butt of the rifle (toe of butt) on the ground. |
| b. | Keep the rifle in close to the body. |
| c. | Hold rifle firmly with the left hand. |
| d. | Place thumb of right hand on top of top cartridge near clip, fingers of right hand directly under magazine of rifle. |
| e. | Apply pressure directly downward on top cartridge, holding fingers firmly on bottom of rifle. |
| f. | Remove clip from clip slot with right hand. |
| g. | Push bolt forward, loading rifle. |
| h. | Assume firing position. |
1. What is the difference between slow and rapid fire?
2. What is the purpose of bolt-operation exercises?
3. What are the two phases of rapid-fire preparatory instruction?
4; What are the two main points to be observed in rapid-fire exercises?
EFFECT OF WIND, SIGHT CHANGES, USE OF SCORE BOOK
64. Introduction.
The following subjects will be taken up during the preparatory period: Nomenclature, care of the rifle, effect of wind, use of score book, and sight changing. These items do not pertain particularly to any one step, but will be taken up before the examination. As a rule the time spent indoors during inclement weather can be utilized in the study of these subjects. The firer should be taught how to cope with conditions over which he has no control. These conditions are the effects of wind, light and mirage on shooting. Although the firer cannot control these conditions he can, if properly instructed, know their effects and be able to determine by observation, how to make mechanical adjustments, with a view of successfully meeting them.
The mechanical means for making adjustments to offset these conditions are fixed on the rifle. They include the adjustable sight leaf (for changes in elevation) and the adjustable wind gauge (for correction against wind), The method of determining the velocity and direction of the wfad is discussed later in this chapter. The firer is also provided with a document, (score book), to keep the recordings of the data he has gathered. If the data placed in the score book is complete and accurate, the firer has a valuable collection of information to assist him in making a decision as to the proper correction to make for the rifle, before firing his first shot. The instruction outlined in this chapter is just as important as that given previously.
65. Effect of Wind (Sight Changes).
Wind has a marked effect on the Bight of the bullet and this effect increases with the range. These effects must be carefully studied and allowance made for them. Other conditions have but slight effect and generally may be disregarded. Expert shots make allowances for such conditions at the longer ranges.
66. Direction and Force of the Wind. (See Plate 32).
The horizontal clock system is used in describing the direction of the wind. The firing point is considered the center of the clock and the target is at 12 o'clock. A 3 o'clock wind comes directly from the right. A 6 o'clock wind comes straight from the rear. A 9 o'clock wind comes directly from the left. A wind that is constantly changing its direction back and forth is called a fish-tail wind. The force of the wind is described in miles per hour. It is estimated by throwing up light, dry grass, dust, or paper and watching how fast it travels, by observing the danger Bags, and by the mirage.
In general, a light breeze is a 5 to 8-mile wind; a fairly strong breeze is a 10 to 12-mile wind and a very strong breeze is 20 miles or more. Wind from either side of the firer blows the bullet out of its path. This must be met by moving the rear sight toward the wind by means of the wind gauge. The most unfavorable type of wind is the fish-tail wind at 12 or 6 o'clock. The distance the bullet is blown from its path depends on the force and direction of the wind and on the distance to the target. The amount of windage to allow for the first shot is shown in the table of wind
PLATE 32
allowances in the score book. It can be found approximately by applying the wind rule. After the first shot is marked, the correction necessary in windage ia found by referring to the ruled targets in the score book showing the windage correction for each range. Windage corrections can be estimated also by applying a wind-gauge rule.
PLATE 33
67. Wind Rule.
The range (expressed in hundredths of yards) multiplied by the velocity of the wind and divided by 10, equals the number of qunner points, if using the M-1903 rifle (or clicks of the wind age knob if using the M-l rifle), to allow for a 3 o'clock or 9 o'clock wind. Expressed as a formula the rule is: R x V divided by 10 equals W.
Example. At 500 yards the wind is blowing 8 miles per hour at 3 o'clock. 5 x 8 10 equals 4 quarter points or 1 point of windage (M-l903 rifle) or 4 clicks or 1 point of windage (M-l rifle). The sight should be set at 1 point of right windage for the first shot (M-1903 rifle). With the M-l rifle the sight should have 4 clicks or 1 point right windage.
PLATE 34
As the direction of the wind comes nearer to 12 or 6 o'clock, the amount of windagc necessary becomes less and less. A wind from 2, 4, 8, or 10 o'clock requires three-fourths the correction, and a wind from 1, 5, 7, or 11 o'clock one half the correction determined for a 3 or 9 o'clock wind.
Example. Range 200 yards, velocity 10 miles per hour, direction of wind, 7 o'clock. 2x10/10 equals 2 x ¼ x ½ equals ¼ (one quarter point) of left windage.
Winds that are at 12 o'clock require no windage, but it is a very rare thing to have a steady wind from either 12 or 6 o'clock; Strong winds from 12 o'clock tend to retard the bullet a little, and from 6 o'clock ten.cl to accelerate the bullet, but the amount is so slight that a correction in elevation is seldom necessary. At most, this allowance is very small.
68. Wind Gage Rule.
With the Model 1903 rifle, one point of windage moves the point of impact of the bullet about 4 inches for each 100 yards, 8 inches at 200 yards, and 20 jnches at 500 yards. The point of impact of the bullet moves in the same direction as the rear sight moves.
For example, if it is desired to move the hits to the left, the rear sight is moved to the left; if it is desired to make the hits strike low and to the right the rear sight is moved down and to the right. With the Ml rifle, one click of the windage knob moves the strike of the bullet 1 inch on the target for each 100 yards of range. Right windage moves the strike of the bullet to the right and left windage move, it to the left as shown by the arrows and letters on the windage knob.
69. Mirage.
Heated air in motion near the ground is known as mirage. The direction and speed of heat waves are watched by good firers in judging the direction and velocity of the wind. The mirage is of assistance in judging the wind, principally on bright days when there is a light, variable breeze.
PLATE 35
In a moderate wind, the heat waves seem to race across the range and appear to lie close to the ground. In a light wind, the waves do not lie so close to the ground and iive the appearance of moving more slowly. In strong winds the mirage cannot be seen. When there is no wind, or when the wind is at 12 or 6 o'clock, the mirage seems to boil, which signifies that the wind is changing direction. The firer should wait until the mirage begins a steady flow from one side or the other, before firing. Mirage can be seen much better with the field glass than with the eye alone.
70. Light.
Light has no effect on the bullet but does affect the aim. Generally, the firer aims a little lower in a poor or dull light. Sunlight, from one side, ha1 the same effect as wind from that side. The correction on the wind gauge for sunlight varies from zero to about one-half point. In making this allowance the sight is moved toward the sun. 71. Elevation Rule.
a. With the M-l903 rifle, changing the elevation 100 yards at any range gives a change on the target, in inches, equal to the square of the range (expressed in hundreds of yards). Example. At 200 yards, changing the elevation 100 yards makes 4 inches change on the target; at 300 yards, 9 inches; 500 yards, 25 inches; at 600 yarda, 36 inches. This rule is not exact, but suits all practical purposes,
b. With the Ml rifle, one click of the elevating knob moves the strike of the bullet 1 inch on the target for each 100 yards of range. The strike of the bullet is moved up or down as shown by the arrow and words on the knob.
PLATE 36
The horizontal lines in the model targets in the score book also show how much change to make in the elevation at each range. When a change in elevation is necessary, it is best to consult the model target in the score book before deciding how much change to make.
72. Zero of a Rifle.
The zero of a rifle for each range i$ the point at which the rear sight is set for both elevation and windage, in order, to hit the center of the bulls-eye on a normal day when there is no wind. Thls zero of a rifle may differ with different men, owing to the difference in their method of holding the rifle or of aiming.
Each firer must determine the zero of his own rifle for each range. He does this by studying the data which he has written in his score book with reference to sight settings, sight changes, light, and the direction and velocity of the wind. The zero of a rifle is best ascertained on a day with an overcast sky when there is no wind. Having learned the zero of his rifle, the firer should make a note of same for future reference. Thereafter he computes all his windage and elevation allowances fqr the first shot from this zero.
PLATE 37
73. Canting the Rifle.
If the rifle is canted, the bullet will not hit exactly where the rifle is aimed. Even unskilled shots, however, cant the rifle but very slightly, and the effect on the strike of the bullet is correspondingly slight. The mistake of ascribing a wide 4 or a 3 to a slight cant of a rifle should not be made.
74. Shooting Up or Down Hill.
In shooting up or down hill, less elevation is needed than when shooting on the level. The steeper the hill the less elevation is needed, so that when firing vertically up or down no elevation at all is needed, no matter how distant the target.
75, Use of the Score Book.
a. Each man must keep a score book
in which he records not only the value of the hits but the location of each hit, the sight setting and sight changes, the force and direction of the wind, the kind of light, the hour, the date, and such other data as may be of use in the future. Spaces for these notes are provided on the score sheets of the score book.
b. The use of the score book on the range is important for the following reasons:
(1) The plotting of the shots shows the firer the location of his group.
(2) The wind-gauge diagram indicates the windage neccessary to take for the first shot. The model target shows by means of vertical and horizomal lines the change in elevation and windage necessary to place the group in the center of the target.
(3) Plotting the shots and recording the data as to light and wind, help the firer to learn the zero of his rifle.
(4) The data written down with reference to sight settings and weather conditions while firing at any range are of great assistance in setting the sight correctly when firing at the same range at a later time. Where a number of scores have been fired and recorded, the firer should get his sight settings from previous scores fired on days that were similar in light and wind conditions.
(5) The score book will be kept personally by the man firing. The coach assists him when necessary to decide what to write down, but the coach will neither plot the shots nor enter any data.
PLATE 38
76. Determining and Recording Data on Score Sheet.
a. M-1903 rifle
Plate 36 illustrates how a score sheet should be filled out. Plate 39 illustrates the same target as seen in Plate 36 except that the wind and elevation lines on the target in Plate 39 are drawn across its face while they are shown only along the edge on the target in Plate 36.
In this situation the firer sets his sights at 500 yards elevation, and estimating the wind at 10 miles per hour, from a direction of 3 o'clock, he examines the wind-gauge diagram (Plate 35) and finds that a correction for a wind of this direction and velocity requires 1 point of right windage. He had already found that his rifle zero was one-half point right windage so he adds the required 1 point to the zero which totals 1 ½ points right windage. This he places on the wind gauge on the rifle, using the zero marked on the gauge to set this correction. Shot No. 1 struck the target just bdow the bull's-eye.
Marking this shot a, it appears on the target, on Plate 39, it is seen that it is placed just above the line marked 50. This indicates that the firer must raise his sights 50 yards in order to raise the bullet so that it will strike in the zero Line drawn through the bull's-eye. The sight setting is raised 50 yard, and the second shot fired. It will be noticed that this shot struck the bull's-eye near the center. Shot No. 3 struck the bull's-eye. Shot No. 4 was fired during a lull in the wind, therefore, as the rifle had been set for a wind 0f greater velodty the shot struck to the right of the bull's-eye. The firer notes this drop in the velocity of the wind and reduces his initial wind setting by ½ point. If shot No. 4 is
PLATE 39
placed in the identical position in the miniature target on Plate 39 it will be seen that the location is just ½ point from the zero line through the center of the bull's-eye. In firing shot No. 6, the firer notes that his front sight was too high in the peep sight just at the instant of firing and called it that way. The result as shown on the target tor the recorded sixth shot proves that the front sight was too high and not properly centered. Shot No. 9 is jerked by the firer and, as is usually the case, is low.
Having completed his score, the data on the score sheet indicates to the firer that at a range of 500 yards he requires a sight setting pf 550 yards and a zero wind setting of ½ right.
PLATE 40
b. M-1 rifle. The method used with the M-1 rifle is similar to that used with the M-1903, except for tl1e following differences: For each quarter point of windage substitute 1 click; show only eight shots fired and at the completion of the firing the zero wind seeting is 2 clicks right.
77. Targets.
The targets used for instruction and record practice courses are shown in Plates 37 to 40. Target A is used for slow fire at 200 and 300 yards. Target B is used for slow fire at 500 yards. Target D is used for rapid fire at 200 and 300 yards. For 1,000-inch firing the targets are miniatures of the A and D targets, being reduced in the proportion of 1,000 inches to 200 yards.
It is very essential that the firer know the exact size of the bull's-eye and the dimensions of the target used at each range so as to enable him to set his sights accurately and center his shots in the bull's-eye. The firer must also have a thorough knowledge of the position of the elevation and windage correction lines as shown in the model targets which are illustrated in the score book.
These lines assist the firer in determining the correction necessary to center his shot with reference to direction. Each target sheet in the score book contains these lines in abbreviated form and should be checked by the firer each time he makes a correction.
| 1 | Is it possible for the rifleman to make any adjustment on the rifle which will counteract a wind blowing from the following directions: | |
| a. | 9 o'clock wind? | |
| b. | 6 o'clock wind? | |
| 2 | How does wind affect the flight of the bullet? | |
| 3 | What method do we use to describe the direction of the wind? | |
| 4 | What is a fish-tail wind? | |
| 5 | Having fired the first shot and struck the target, where can you find data to assist you in moving the next shot into the bull's-eye? | |
| 6 | How do you determine the correction by the wind rule, when the wind is coming from a direction of one o'clock or four o'clock? | |
| 7 | How does mirage affect the Gullet? | |
| 8 | What effect does light have on the aim? | |
| 9 | How much does a point of windage move the point of impact of the bullet when fired from a range of 300 yards? | |
| 10 | If you raise the elevation 50 yards while firing at 500 yards, how much will that raise the point of impact on the target? (M-1903 rifle) | |
| 11 | What is the zero of the rifle? | |
| 12 | Who keeps the score book for each rifleman? | |
| 13 | Why is it necessary to keep, accurately, all data m the score book? |
78. Examination.
Preparatory instruction concludes with a practical examination. Each firer should be required to demonstrate the things that be has learned during preparatory training. It is important that this phase of the instruction be given equal emphasis with any other part of the work. Those found deficient in any phase of the training should be given additional instruction in those parts and re-examined later.
Preliminary examinations should be held at the end of each phase of preparatory training. If this is done those deficient in a particular phase will be discovered prior to the final examination and the additional instruction given at that time will make it possible to have the entire group ready for the final examination at the same time.
79. Examination of Men Before Starting Range Practice.
a. There is no set form for these questions those which follow are merely illustrative. The instructor may put questions in his own words, but tbey should be searching enough to bring out the firer's knowledge of every important item in firing.
| (1) | Draw a picture of a peep sight. (The pupil draws a circle on paper or on the ground). |
| (2) | Now, show bow the front sight looks; through the peep, when the sights are properly aligned. |
| (3) | Does that represent a correct sight alignment? |
| (4) | Is there any other correct alignment? |
| (5) | Now draw the outline of the bull's-eye as it appears through the sight when you are aiming correctly. |
| (6) | What is this device called? (Exhibiting a sighting bar) |
| (7) | Name each part of this bar. |
| (8) | Now set the sights and target to show a correct aim (on the sighting bar) |
| (9) | Is this a correct aim? What is wrong with it? (The instructor sets the sights on the bar with small errors and requires the pupil to tell what the errors are) |
| (10) | Draw a picture of a peep sight and show the proper position of the front sight. |
| (11) | What is the purpose of making sighting shot groups in preparatory exercises? |
| (12) | If your triangle is very wide from side to side, what does this indicate? |
| (13) | If the triangle is high, from top to bottom, what does this indicate? |
| (14) | Why do we make sighting triangles first at short range and then at long range? |
| (15) | Why do you blacken your sights? |
| (16) | How is it done? |
| (17) | Take this rifle and show me the adjustments of the sling. |
| (18) | Why do you stop breathing while aiming? |
| (19) | How do you hold your breath? |
| (20) | What happens when a man jerks the trigger in firing? |
| (21) | How is this trouble avoided? |
| (22) | When do you squeeze the trigger? |
| (23) | When do you stop squeezing it? |
| (24) | What do you understand by "calling the shot?" |
| (25) | What must you do in order to be able to call your shot?. |
| (26) | Can you call your shot if you do not squeeze the trigger properly? Why? |
| (27) | What is this device and how is it used? Place it on the rifle. (Instructor hands the pupil an aiming device). |
| (28) | Now watch my aim through the aiming device and tell me what is wrong. (Instructor introduces small errors in his aim to sec if the pupil can discern them). |
| (29) | Call these shots. (Instructor simulates firing at a bull's-eye and the pupil calls the shots). |
| (30) | Demonstrate each of the authorized positions for firing, using the sling. |
| (31) | Point out the errors you notice in the positions I am about to assume. (Instructor assumes faulty positions, demonstrating the common mistakes to see if the pupil notices them). |
| (32) | Lie down again and aim at that bull's-eye. (Instructor verifies pupil's aim, with aiming device). |
| (33) | Aim and squeeze: your trigger and call your shots. (Instructor verifies pupil's aim, trigger squeeze, and ability lo call his shots). |
| (34) | Demonstrate how to assume each position rapidly from the standing position. |
| (35) | Is the trigger squeeze in rapid fire different from that in slow fire? |
| (36) | How do you avoid loss of time in rapid fire? |
| (37) | Take the rifle and demonstrate the procedure of rapid fire in a prone position, aiming at the target. (Instructor gives the command and verifies the procedure. Dummy cartridges may be used.) (The same exercise should be given in other positions). |
80. Range Practice. Small bore range practice consists of firing the caliber .22 rifle. During this range practice the firer is required to make a practical application of all the knowledge gained in the preparatory training.
81. Courses.
Small bore practice is conducted on SO-foot, 1000-inch, or 50, 100 and 200-yard ranges. The firing may be indoors or out, with targets appropriately reduced in size, using the caliber .22 rifle. These courses comprise both slow and rapid fire, for instruction and record practice. The courses are prescribed by the War Department and are outlined in Field Manual, FM 2 3-10.
82. Purpose.
Small bore practice follows the preparatory exercises and applies the principles taught therein to marksmanship training with small bore (caliber .22) arms and ammunition. It should precede any range firing. Small-bore practice provides a means of improving marksmanship and of sustaining interest in rifle firing through the year. It also gives the instructor an opportunity of determining just how much progress each man has made. Extra effort should be devoted to those who are deficient. One who is unable to fire a small bore ri8e satisfactorily is usually found to be more deficient in handling the larger rifle.
83. Value.
The chief value of small bore practice lies in the fact that it can be conveniently managed, is interest-sustaining and quite economical. In many institutions and army posts no full distance outdoor range is available. Small-bore practice does not possess the value of range practice because it is less realistic by reason of the short range, the lack of weather effects and the absence of recoil. But it is often a valuable step between preparatory instruction and range practice. lt may be carried on where a regular rifle range is not available and has the advantage of being practiced throughout the year, regardless of weather conditions. Small-bore competitions are to be encouraged.
84. Procedure. Small bore practice should be properly organized, supervised and controlled. Every man must be given a thorough course of preparatory instruction before he is permitted to fire on the small-bore range. Throughout small-bore practice, emphasis must qe placed upon correct shooting methods, and exactness in doing each of the essentials learned during preparatory instruction. Accordingly, a firer should be carefully coached while firing on the small bore range, and each firer engaged in small bore practice mutt be familiar with the duties of a coach.
85. Individual Safety Precautions.
| a. | Bolts of rifles in rear of the firing line be kept open. |
| b. | Rifle will not be loaded in rear of firing line. |
| c. | In rapid fire preceded by a run rifles will not be unlocked until the firer reaches the firing point and is in the prescribed firing position. |
| d. | Loaded rifles will always be pointed in the general direction of the targets. |
| e. | On open 1000-inch ranges having no danger area behind the backstop, all loading and unloading will be executed with the muzzle directed toward the target, and in rapid fire rifles will not be unlocked until the firer is in the prescribed firing position. |
| f. | At the completion of each day's firing, and preferably before leaving the range, organization commanders should cause all i i.Bes and personnel to be inspected to insure that rifles are clear of ammunition and that no ammunition is in the possession of individuals. |
| g. | Ammunition at the firing point should be protected £rom the direct rays of the sun. |
86. Duties of the Coach in Small Bore Practice.
The coach assumes the same position as the firer who is firing prone, sitting, kneeling or standing, in order to be able to watch the pupil's trigger finger and eye. (See Plate 41). He watches the pupil and not the target. He pays particular attention to the following points and sees to it that...
a. The sights are blackened and that they arc set correctly.
b. The ammunition is clean.
c. The pupil has the correct position, with the gun
d. The rifle is loaded in the correct manner.
e. The pupil takes up the slack promptly and then aligns the sights on the bull's-eye.
f. The pupil is holding his breath properly (watching his back occasionally).
g. Whether or not the pupil flinches (watching his eye).
h. The trigger is squeezed correctly.
i. The pupil calls his shot each time he fires.
j. Safety precautions are enforced.
87. Safety Precautions.
ln small bore practice, safety precautions must be enforced. These safety rules are as follows:
a. Consider every rifle to be loaded until you have examined it and proved it to be unloaded. Never trust your memory as to its condition in this respect.
b. Never point the rifle at anyone you do not intend to shoot, nor in a direction where an accidental discharge may do harm.
PLATE 41
c. Always unload the rifle if it is to be left where some one else may handle it.
d. If it is desired to carry the piece cocked with a cartridge in the chamber, the bolt mechanism should be secured by turning the safety lock to the right.
e. Under no circumstances should the firing pin be let down by hand on a cartridge in the chamber.
f. Never fire a rifle with any grease, cleaning patch, dust, dirt, mud, snow, or other obstruction in the bore. To do so may burst the barrel.
g. Never grease or oil the ammunition or the walls of the rifle chamber. This creates a hazardous pressure on the rifle bolt.
h. See that the ammunition is clean and dry. Examine all live and dummy ammunition. Turn in all cartridges with loose bullets or which appear to be otherwise defective.
i. Do not allow the ammunition to be exposed to the direct rays of the sun for any length of time. This may create hazardous chamber pressures.
1. What is the purpose of small bore range practice?
2. What is the chief value of small bore practice?
3. What individual safety precautions must be taken when firing?
4. What are the outies of the coach in small bore practice?
88. Instruction and Record Practice.
Range practice is divided into two parts, i.e. instruction practice, which represents the application, with service ammunition, of the principles taught in the preparatory exercise,1 and record practice, in which the soldier fires for qualification as a ,test of his ability as a rifleman. During instruction practice the pupil works under the supervision of a coach, Coaching is prohibited during record practice.
89. Courses.
The courses to be fired are prescribed by the War Department and are to be found in Field Manual 23-10 for the model 1903 rifle, and 23-5 for the M-l rifle. Firing is conducted at ranges of 1000 inches and at 200, 300 and 500 yards. The 1000-inch firing may be conducted indoors or out, depending on the weather conditions and upon the facilities available. 1000-inch firing is no longer a part of courses A, B, and C.
The courses include instruction and record practice in both slow and rapid fire. The general scheme, or sequence of instruction practice should be: firing,
(1) prone with the sandbag rest,
(2) prone without the sandbag rest,
(3) sitting,
(4) kneeling, and
(5) finally, the standing position.
90. Positions.
The positions used in instruction and record practice are outlined in the courses. They include: prone, with sandbag rest; prone, sitting, kneeling, and standing.
91. Qualifications.
The individual qualifications are awarded according to the scores made during the record practice. The scores required for the grades in the various courses are prescribed in Army Regulations 740-10. The ratings from highest to lowest are: Expert, Sharpshooter, Marksman, and Unqualified.
92. The Sandbar Rest.
The sandbag rest is used at the beginning of the course, not to teach steadiness of hold, but to facilitate instruction in squeezing the trigger. The use of the sandbag insures such a steady hold that the temptation to the beginner to snap his shot in the instant the sight touches or drifts past the bull's-eye, is largely eliminated. With the sandbag rests, the sights can be held steadily at the bottom edge of the bull's-eye and the firer is thus encouraged to squeeze the trigger with a steady pressure with the result that he does not know exactly when the rifle will go off. This is the basis of good shooting. The habit of correct trigger squeeze, having been acquired with the sandbag rest, will in all probability be retained at the ranges where the positions are less steady.
93. Pads.
Due to the effect of recoil, men are required to wear pads on the right shoulder and upper arm, where· the butt of the piece rests. Where the ground is hard it is advisable that elbow pads be provided. The pads should be made to any soft, resilient fabric. They should be thick enough to afford real protection. Pads may be placed inside the shirt, loose or pinned to the garment. It is better to have the pads sewed on the outside of the shirt and covered with soft leather by a tailor. They should be large enough to allow for their use in all positions. After a little hardening, as a result of practice, most firers can dispense with the pads. They should be worn for the fint three or four days and may be worn throughout the period of range practice.
94. Safety Precautions.
a. With the M-1903 Rifie. See Paragraphs 85 and 87.
b. With the Ml rifle.
| (1) Danger Bags will be displayed at prominent po5ition1 on the range during firing. Do not fire unless such flags are displayed. | |
| (2) Upon arrival at the range the rifles of an organization will be inspected by the officers to see that chambers and barrels are free from obstruction and that all bolts are opened. | |
| (3) Consider every rifle to be loaded until it is examined and found to be unloaded. Never trust your memory as to its condition in this respect. | |
| (4) When the bolt is closed, never point the rifle in any direction where an accidental discharge may cause harm. | |
| (5) Firing will not begin on any range until the officer in charge of firing has ascertained that the range is clear and has given the commands Load and Commence firing. | |
| (6) At least one officer will be present at all firing. | |
| (7) All rifles on the range except those in use on the firing line will be clear with bolts open at all times. (See par. 130.) | |
| (8) No rifle will be removed from the firing line until an officer or specially selected noncommissioned officer has inspected it to see that it is clear and the bolt open. | |
| (9) No person will be allowed in front of the firing line for any purpose until directed by an officer who has ordered all rifles to be cleared and ascertained that the order has been carried out. | |
| (10) All firing will immediately cease and the safety of each rifle set in its rear position (or the rifles cleared if ordered) at the command Cease firing. | |
| (11) Cartridges will not be left chambered in hot barrels. | |
| (12) All loading and unloading will be executed on the firing line with the muzzle directed toward the targets. Rifles will never be loaded in rear of the firing line. | |
| (13) Care should be taken to avoid undue exposure of ammunition to the direct rays of the snn. This creates hazardous chamber pressures. | |
| (14) Never grease or oil the ammunition or the walls of the rifle chamber. | |
| (15) See that the ammunition is clean and dry. Examine all live and all dummy cartridges. Turn in all live or dummy cartridges with loose bullets or which appear to be otherwise defective. | |
| (16) Never fire a rifle with any rust preventive compound, cleaning patch, dust, dirt, mud, snow, or other obstruction in the bore. To do so may burst the barrel. | |
| (17) Before leaving the range, all rifles and belts will be inspected by an officer to see that they do not contain ammunition; and men in ranks well be questioned whether they have any ammunition in their possession. |
95. Coaching.
a. Instruction practice. During instruction practice each firer should have a coach beside him when he fires (see Plate 41). The duty of the coach is to watch every detail of firing, note mistakes and help the firer to correct them. Eve_ry firer should learn to coach as well as to shoot. It is impossible for every man to have an expert coach.
It is good practice to have expert coaches, officers or experienced men, in charge of one or more targets, usually on a flank, to which are sent for special coaching particularly backward pupils.
A coach must be patient, tactful, good tempered and helpful. Otherwise, he ia a nuisance instead of a help to the man firing. Instructors should watch the coaching and change coaches if good results are not forthcoming.
b. Record firing. Coaching during record firing, with the exceptions noted below, is permitted when no additional compensation for arms qualification is authorized.
(1) The coach will not use any mechanical aid, such as an aiming device, to assist the firer.
(2) The coach will not touch any part of the firer's body while the firer is sighting or firing.
96. Position of the Coach.
On the firing line the coach will take a position similar to that of the man who is firing-prone, sitting, kneeling, or standing so as to be able to watch his trigger finger and his eye. In the later stages of instruction firing, the coach may be withdrawn from the firing line to observe his pupil from a point in the rear; this affords him an opportunity to observe the pupil's performance while the latter is working alone, as will be the case in record 'practice. The pupil's errors should be noted and brought to his attention at the completion of the score. In exercises involving a rush, the coach follows his pupil to the firing line.
97. Importance of Correct Trigger Squeeze.
Any man who is physically fit and who has had a proper course of preparatory instruction can aim and hold well enough to make a satisfactory score. Unsatisfactory scores are nearly always due: to pressing the trigger incorrectly. The coach therefore will concentrate his attention oo the trigger squeeze. He, of course, checks ,the Position, the aiming and the holding of the breath, from time to time, to see that the instruction on these points has not been forgotten, but by far the greatest amount of the time should be devoted to requiring the pupil to press the trigger so steadily as not to know exactly when the discharge will take place. It can always be proved to the pupil that he will be a good shot when he learns to press the trigger properly.
Have the coach press the trigger while the man under instruction holds and aims. Shots fired in this way from the sandbag rest position, or the prone position, are almost always well placed. This is a very valuable method of coaching poor shots and of improving the scores of men who are classed as good shots.
98. Coach Squeezing the Trigger.
To squeeze the trigger for the firer the coach lie, with his right elbow on the ground to steady his hand, places his thumb against the trigger and his first finger against the back of the trigger guard. In this manner he applies pressure to the trigger by a pinching action of the thumb and first finger. (See Plate 42).
The coach then watches the firer's back, and between S and ll seconds after the firer begins to hold his breath, applies enough pressure to discharge the piece. After discharging the piece a few times the coach permits the firer to try a few shots to see if he can press the trigger properly. Sometimes it is necessary to repeat this exercise, but the majority of beginners can be permanently cured of the tendency to flinch by a few minutes of this kind of coaching. Old shots who are flinchers require more time and patience.
PLATE 42
99. Watching the Eye.
We have explained heretofore that when a man jerks the trigger instead of squeezing it properly, he instinctively closes his aiming eye just before the piece goes off, in anticipation of the shock of the recoil. Accordingly, this most serious of all faults, jerking the trigger, can be discovered by watching the eye of the man who is firing. It is not usually possible to detect the jerk by watching the trigger finger, but the eye is an infallible sign.
100. Use of Dummy Cartridges in Slow Fire.
If the pupil is seen to be flinching, or if he is doing poor or mediocre shooting, the coach first checks his aim by the aiming device. Having assured himself that the pupil is aiming correctly, the coach has him turn his head aside while he, the coach, puts in a cartridge and shoves the bolt home. Occasionally the coach loads in a dummy cartridge instead of live one without letting the pupil know what he has done. Then the flinch, indicated by the shoulder being shoved forward at the same time that the trigger is pressed, will be evident even to the firer himself. The coach then proves to him by squeezing ,the trigger a few times, that his poor shooting is due to faulty trigger squeeze.
101. Duties of the Coach in Slow Fire.
The coach observes the pupil carefully and corrects all errors. He pays particular attention to the following points:
| a. That the sights are blackened and that they are set at the correct range. | |
| b. That the ammunition is free from dirt. | |
| c. That the pupil has the correct position, gun sling properly adjusted, body at the proper angle, elbows correctly placed and the cheek pressed firmly against the stock. | |
| d. That the magazine ( or receiver, Ml rifle) is loaded from a clip in the correct manner. | |
| e. That the slack is taken up promptly. | |
| f. Whether or not the pupil flinches (watching his eye). | |
| g. That the pupil calls his shot each time he fires. | |
| h. That the pupil keeps his score book correctly. | |
| i. That the pupil is holding his breath properly (watching his back occasionally). | |
| j. That the aiming is correct ( watching through the aiming device occa1ieaally ). | |
| k. When necessary, the coach squeezes the trigger or uses dummy cartridges as previously described. |
102. Individual Check List for Slow Fire.
The pupil should take the following precautions during every slow-fire score:
| a. Be sure that both the front and rear sights of the rifle are properly blackened. |
| b. Be sure that the rear sight is properly set for the first shot. |
| c. Take the score book to the firing point. |
| d. Fire the first shot very carefully and then, if necessary, change the sights to bring the second shot into the bull's-eye. |
| e. Aim at the bottom edge of the bull's-eye for every shot. |
| f. Plot each shot in the score book. |
| g. Never try to make a bullet hit closer to the bull's-eye by changing the aiming point; do so by, changing the setting of the rear sight. |
| h. Before changing the sight setting, note the setting on the sights and determine the amount of change required from a study of the shots plotted in the score book. Record the corrected sight setting. |
| i. Do not change the sights unnecessarily. If a bad shot is made closely following several good shots it is almost certain to be the fault of the firer. |
103. Use of Dummy Cartridges,
a. With M-1903 rifle.
(1) The tendency to flinch is eliminated by using clips in which half the cartridges are range dummy. The dummy and live cartridges are put into the clips by the coach in such a way that the pupil cannot know which will go off and which will not. Then, if he is not squeezing the trigger with a steady pressure he will flinch or shove the shoulder forward to meet the shock, when there is a dummy in the chamber and no shock occurs. The flinch is then apparent to the coach and to everyone in the vicinity, including the man doing the flinching. The result is that he makes a determined effort to squeeze the trigger with a steady pressure for all shots, so as not to appear foolish both to the observers aad to himself: During this kind of practice the coach must watch the firer closely to ace that he does not look into the chamber in an attempt to see which cartridges arc loaded and which arc dummies. If he is allowed to look into the chamber while working the bolt, the value of the practice is lost and a very bad shooting habit is acquired.
(2) Range dummy cartridges. These cartridges, similar in appearance to the service ammunition, are issued for this purpose. They are used on the rifle range with loaded cartridges, and this is the only use to which they may be put Practice dummy cartridges, of such shape and color as to be readily distinguished from the service cartridge, must be used in all other exercises requiring the use of dummy cartridges. It is advisable to have each order, when it comes to the firing point, simulate a score of rapid fire, using dummy cartridges or having the cutoff turned down.
b. With M-1 rifie.
During rapid fire the tendency to jerk the trigger is increased. This tendency must be corrected before it becomes a fixed habit. Before firing live ammunition it is advisable to have each order simulate a score of rapid fire using dummy ammunition.
104. Duties of the Coach in Rapid Fire,
a. With M1903 rifle.
The coach observes the pupil carefully and corrects all errors. He pays particular attention to the following points:
| (1) | That the sights are blackened and that they arc set at the proper range. |
| (2) | That the gun sling is properly adjusted. |
| (3) | That the pupil assumes the correct position. |
| (4) | That he takes up the slack promptly. |
| (5) | Whether or not the pupil flinches (by watching his eye). |
| (6) | That he works the bolt rapidly. |
| (7) | That while working the bolt he keeps his eye on the target, the rule t.o his shoulder, and his elbows in place. |
| (8) | That he reloads the magazine from a clip properly and quickly. These operations follow each other, and the coach observes each m turn. He also, at times, watches the pupil's back to see if he holds his breath while firing. In case of a difficult pupil, it is advisable to have two coaches watching him. Any lack of a smooth and rapid bolt operation indicates that the preparatory training has not been sufficient, and additional rapid fire practice will be given. |
b. With the M-1 rifle.
In addition to the duties described in (1) to (5) above, which are applicable with both ri&s, the coach in raid fire pays particular attention to see:
| (1) | That he reloads the receiver with a clip properly and quickly. |
| (2) | These operations follow each other, and the coach can watch each in turn. The coach will also at times watch the pupil's back to see if he holds his breath while firing each shot. |
| (3) | Any lack of smooth and proper timing in firing indicates that the preparatory training has not been sufficient, and additional preparatory rapid-fire practice will be given. |
105. Marking the Targets.
a. Slow fire.
The location and value of each hit, in slow fire, are indicated by displaying a disk over the shot hole as follows: five (bull's-eye), a white disk; four a red disk; three, a black and white disk; two, a black disk. A miss is indicated by passing a red flag (danger) across the face of the target, once for each miss. Ricochet shots are scored as misses. In marking, the disk or flag is brought up from the pit on the target's right (the direction taken as the target faces the firing rifle), and returned to the side for each hit or miss. The exact hit on the target is indicated by placing a spotter in the bullet hole. When the first shot is fired, the target is drawn down into the pit and a spotter of the proper color (white if the hit is in the bull's-eye and black anywhere else) is placed in ,the shot hole. The target is then exposed to the firing line and the proper disk. placed over the shot hole. When the second shot is fired the target is again drawn down into the pit and the spotter withdrawn from the first shot hole and placed in the second shot hole. The first shot hole is then covered with a paster of the proper color and the target again exposed to the firing line. This procedure continues throughout the firing.
b. Rapid fire.
A score at rapid fire is marked in die same manner as slow fire, using the same disks as for slow fire. Spotters are placed to show each shot of the group. Marking begins with the hits of the highest value. The disks are moved slowly up in the front of the face of the target as explained for slow fire. Misses are indicated by the red flag.
106. Marking 1000-inch Targets.
These targets are withdrawn and replaced with fresh targets after each score. Spotters and disks are not used at this range.
107. Targets.
a. The targets used for the instruction and record practice courses in rifle marksmanship are as shown in Chapter IX. Target A is used for slow fire at 200 and 300 yards. Target B is used for slow fire at 500 yards. Target D is used for rapid fire at 200 and 300 yards.
b. For 1000-inch firing the targets are miniatures of the A and D, being reduced in the proportion of 1000 inches to 200 yards.
1. Into how many parts is range practice with the caliber .30 rifle divided?
2. What are the phases of range practice and the purpose of each?
3. What are the ranges fired during these two phases of practice?
4. What are tbe various qualification rating that may be obtained?
5. What is the first position used in instruction firing?
6. What are the safety precautions to be observed on the range?
7. How can a coach tell by the firer's eye if he has jerked the trigger?
8. What are the duties of the coach in slow fire?
9. How can a coach determine whether or not the firer is jerking the trigger while firing rapid fire?
10. For what purpose are dummy cartridges used during rapid fire instruction?
11. When a firer has fired his string of shots in rapid fire and the target is exposed, showing the group, what should he do immediately?
12. What are the duties of the coach in rapid fire instruction practice? (M-1903 rifle).
13. How are the following hits indicated by the target operators: a five; a four; a three; a miss?
14. What is the name of the target used in firing slow fire at 200 yard,? For firing rapid fire at 300 yards?
15. At what range firing is the B target used?
108. Description and General Data of the U. S. Rifle, Caliber .30, Ml (The Garand Rifle). (See Plate 43.)
a. General data.
(1) Name: U. S. Rifle, Caliber 30, M-l.
(2) Type: Gas operated.
(3) C4pacity of clip: 8. cartridges.
(4) Type of feed: Clip.
(5) Overall length: 43 inches.
(6) Weight: 9 pounds.
(7) Maximum range: Same as M1903 rifle.
(8) Sight. The front sight is similar to the M-1903 rifle, although protected from breakage by guards which are an integral part of the rifle. The rear sight is quite different. It is not a leaf sight, as on the Ml903 rifle, but approaches more nearly the hunting sights used on sporting rifles.
PLATE 43
The rear sight is adjusted for range by turning the elevating knob on the left side. This knob has numbered graduations for 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,200 yards of range and index lines between these graduations for 100, 300, 500, 700, 900, and 1,100 yards. Adjustment for windage is made by turning the windage knob on the right. Each windage graduation represents an angular adjustment of 4 minutes. Both elevating and windage knobs arc provided with "clicks" which represent approximately 1 minute of angle or 1 inch on the target for each 100 yards of range. Arrows on the knobs indicate the direction in which to turn them to secure corresponding changes in the point of impact of the bullet. Rotation of the elevating knob may be eased by forcing the knob outward (away from receiver) while turning.
b. General description.
(1) The U. S. Rifle, caliber 30 Ml, shown in Plate 43, is a gas-operated, clip-fed, self-loading shoulder weapon. The gas generated in a cartridge fired in the rifle is utilized, after the bullet has left the barrel, to compress the operating rod spring and compensating spring, to extract and eject the fired case and to cock the hammer. The operating rod spring and compensating spring which a1e meantime forcing the cartridges up in the clip, complete the cycle by closing and locking the bolt. As the bolt goes forward it stops the top cartridge from the clip and chambers it. The rifle is then ready to fire.
(2) The rifle is designed to fire the standard caliber 30 ammunition. Eight cartridges are loaded in a reversible clip, which, when inserted in the magazine, automatically releases the operating rod. The operating rod goes forward under the action of the operating rod spring and the compensating spring, chambering the uppermost cartridge, and closing the bolt. The rifle may be fired as slowly or rapidly as desired by squeezing the trigger for each shot. The rifle fires but once at each squeeze of the trigger. If the trigger is squeezed and held after a round has been fired, the pressure on the trigger must first be released before another round may be fired. When the last round has been fired, the empty clip is automatically ejected to the right from the top of the receiver, and the bolt remains open ready for the insertion of another clip of cartridges.
109. Disassembling and Assembling.
Disassembling by the soldier is limited to that required for the proper care and maintenance of the rifle. The individual soldier is usually prohibited from disassembling the stock group, follower Assembly, rear tight and trigger housing group, and from removing the clip latch or the gas cylinder lock. The front sight is never dismounted nor the gas cylinder disassembled from the rifle except by qualified ordnance personnel. The following paragraphs cover the disassembling of the rifle authorized to be performed by the individual soldier without supervision,
PLATE 44
The rifle consists of three main groups, namely, the barrel and receiver group, the trigger housing group, and the stock group. {See Plate 44). To separate the rifle into the three groups, clear gun, close bolt, and proceed as follows:
a. With the left hand grasp the rifle as shown in Plate 45, at a point where the magazine floor plate is included in the grip. Place the butt of the rifle against the extreme upper portion of the right leg, holding it firmly in place with the left hand. With the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, grasp the near portion of the trigger guard and exert sufficient pressure to the rear (approximately 15 pounds), to unlatch the trigger guard from the trigger housing. Then swing the trigger guard away from the trigger housing to the extreme opened position, as shown in Plate 45. Pull out trigger housing group.
b. Grasp the rifle over rear sight with left hand, with muzzle down and barrel to the left. With the right hand strike the small of the stock a sharp blow away from the receiver, catching the stock with the right hand.
110. Disassembling Barrel and Receiver Group.
a. Place the group 0n a smooth surface.
barrel down and pointing to the left. Grasp follower rod with thumb and forefinger of left hand, at the knurled section near the rear. Disengage follower rod from fo1lower arm by pulling toward the muzzle. Lift rear end of follower rod approximately one inch and withdraw it and compensating spring from the operating rod spring. Withdraw operating rod spring from operating rod.
Note: The follower rod and compensating spring should be separated only as necessity demands. Grasp compensating spring in one hand and follower rod in the other. Separate by rotating right hand in a clockwise direction, at the same time pulling outward.
b. Drift the follower arm pin from its seal:
by starting it with the point of a bullet (or with the drift of the combination tool) held in the right hand and applied on the side of the receiver farthest from the body. Pull out the pin from the near side with the left hand. Grasp the bullet guide, the follower arm, and the operating rod catch assembly and pull to the left until these parts arc disengaged. Lift out and separate these three parts. Do not remove the accelerator from the operating rod catch assembly as the accelerator pin is swaged in its seat. Lift out the follower with the follower slide attached. Do not separate the follower from the follower slide.
PLATE 45
c. Turn barrel and receiver assembly up, muzzle to the front and operating rod handle to the right. Grasp the operating rod handle with the right hand, thumb on top of the handle and pointing to the front, forefinger underneath and bent so that finger tip is pointing to the rear. Pull operating rod slowly to the rear, pulling the operating rod handle upward and away from the rewver. This will permit the operating rod to become disengaged from the bolt when the lug on the operating rod slides up to the dismount notch which is cut in the upper surface of the operating rod guide groove. When operating rod is thus disengaged, remove it with a downward and rearward movement.
Note: The operating rod has been intentionally bent. Do not attempt to straighten it.
d. Grasp the bolt by the operating lug, slide it from rear to front and lift it up and out to the right front with a slight rotary motion.
(1) Grasp the bolt in the left hand, holding the firing pin in place with the little finger, extractor to the right, front end up, thumb on the front end of the bolt to prevent the ejector from flying out. Insert the point of a bullet or screwdriver blade of the combination tool between the lower edge of the extractor and the cartridge Seat flange on the bolt and pry the extractor out until the ejector snaps out against the thumb. Extreme care must be exercised.that the ejector is held by the thumb during this operation as it is compressed sufficiently to inflict injury. Remove the extractor.
(2) Lift out extractor spring plunger with extractor spring attached. Separate only when necessary.
PLATE 46a
PLATE 46b
PLATE 46c
(3) Lift out ejector with ejector spring attached. Separate only when necessary.
(4) Remove firing pin from rear of bolt.
e. The rear sight is to be disassembled only when replacement of a certain part or parts is necessary. To disassemble proceed as follows;
(1) Turn barrel and receiver up. Lower aperture as far as it will go, noting reading on elevating knob, and record it for use in assembling. (This reading should be approximately one hundred (100) yards).
(2) Using the combination tool, unscrew the rear sight nut from the eight side of rear sight. Unscrew windage knob, taking care that the rear sight nut lock assembly which is inside windage knob does not become lost. Remove nut lock and nut lock spring from windage knob.
(3) With a screwdriver remove rear sight elevating knob screw, from left side of rear sight. Remove rear sight elevating knob. Pull out rear sight elevating pinion from left side of receiver. Grasp the aperture and pull upward about ½ inch, place thumb under top of aperture and push forward to remove rear sight cover, rear sight base and aperture. Separate.
f, To remove the clip latch.
place the receiver on its right side with the barrel to the left. Press the clip latch with the left thumb to relieve the tension of the clip latch spring, then drift out and remove the clip latch pin, starting it toward the muzzle with the point of a bullet or the drift of the combination tool. Lift out the dip latch, with clip latch spring attached.
PLATE 47
111. Disassembling the Trigger Housing Group.
a. The trigger housing group being removed, close and latch the trigger guard. Release hammer to fired position.
b. Hold group in right band, with right thumb on scar, forefinger pulling back on trigger, base of trigger housing embraced against a furn support, and press on sear with right thumb to relieve tension on trigger pin. Start trigger pin from its seat with a drift held in left hand, then remove it. Release pressure of right thumb and forefinger gradually, permitting hammer spring to extend to its full length, at the same time steadying hammer spring housing with fingers of left hand. (See Plate 47) Remove trigger assembly (do not remove sear pin or sear). Remove hammer spring housing, hammer spring, and hammer spring plunger, and separate these parts. Push out hammer pin from left side and remove hammer. Remove safety by pressing its top away from left side of trigger housing until stud snaps out of its scat, and lift it from its slot in trigger housing.
c. Hold trigger housing in left hand, base of trigger housing down and away from body. Swing trigger guard to open position with right hand. Slide trigger guard toward body until hammer stop is opposite center of safety slot. Rotate trigger guard to right and upward with right hand until hammer stop clears edge of trigger housing. Remove trigger guard.
d. Hold trigger housing in left hand, right side down, rear end resting on a solid surface. Insert point of a bullet or combination tool in the dismounting hole in left aide of housing and push out clip ejector.
112. Disassembly of the Gas Cylinder.
a. There are now in existence two types of gas cylinder and front sight assemblies for the M-l rifle. In the newer or spline type the barrel protrudes beyond the gas cylinder, and the front sight screw enters from the front and is sealed to prevent tampering. In the older or screw-on type the barrel does not protrude and the front sight screw enters from the side.
b. In order to prevent undue wear, insure proper maintenance of gas port adjustment, and avoid improper assembly, the gas cylinder assembly should not be removed except when necessary to replace the front hand guard assembly. Before such removal be sure the operating rod has been removed. To remove the gas cylinder, proceed as follows:
(1) Spline type. Unscrew gas cylinder lock screw, using combination tool. Unscrew gas cylinder lock. Tap gas cylinder lightly toward muzzle to remove it from barrel. The front sight will not be dismounted from the gas cylinder assembly. Do not attempt to adjust the front sight.
(2) Screw-on type. Remove front sight screw and lift out front sight. Unscrew gas cylinder assembly from barrel.
PLATE 48
113. Disassembly of Certain Parts Prohibited.
The repair or replacement of the following parts are made only by the Ordnance Department and their disassembly will not be effected within. Infantry organizations: the trigger and sear assembly; the operating rod catch and accelerator assembly; the front sight; the gas cylinder.
114. Assembling.
The rifle and its component groups are assembled in the reverse order of their disassembly.
115. Gas Cylinder Lock.
Replace gas cylinder lock and gas cylinder lock screw.
116. Trigger Housing Group .
a.Place clip ejector in position in trigger housing with short arm up, tip of long arm in its slot in vertical front face of housing, and loop against its stud on left side of trigger housing. Hold trigger housing with its left side down, rear end to the right. With right thumb hold loop of clip ejector against its stud; with forefinger of left hand hold long arm of clip ejector up in its slot in front face of trigger housing. With left thumb pry toward body on center of long arm of clip ejector, thereby seating it.
b. Hold trigger housing in left hand, top up, forward end to front. Hold trigger guard in right hand, winged section pointing to the left. Place winged sections astride bettom of trigger housing, hammer stop over safety slot. Rotate trigger guard downward, then slitle it forward into position.
c. Replace safety so that its thumb piece passes through slot in both trigger guard and bottom of housing and its stud is snapped into its seat in side plate of trigger housing. Push thumb piece forward to ready position. Insert hammer loosely in cocked position. Aline pin hole in hammer with pin holes in trigger housing and trigger guard. Insert hammer pin from the right. Swing hammer to the fired position. Place trigger housing on a smooth surface, base of trigger housing down and to the left. Assemble hammer spring housing, hammer spring, and hammer spring plunger into one unit. Place plunger in its seat against hammer, making sure that open side of hammer swing housing is toward safety, and hold assembled parts in a raised position with left thumb and forefinger.
With right hand insert trigger into trigger slot so that notch at curved rear surface of finger piece bears against rear of slot in trigger housing. Arrange parts together so that bottom shoulder of hammer spring housing rests in notch just below and forward of trig1er pin hole and the two wings of hammer spring housing straddle sear pin. Push down with left thumb on top of rear end of hammer spring housing. (see Plate 41). At the same time pull trigger rearward with right forefinger and push forward on sear with right thumb, thus compressing hammer spring and brin1in~ trigger ·pin hole into alignment with holes in trigger housing. Hold this alignment with right hand bracing base of trigger housing against a firm surface. With left hand insert trigger pin up to its head. Seat head of trigger pin fully while oscillating trigger assembly with right hand.
117. Clip Latch.
Place clip latch with clip latch spring attached in position on left side of receiver and start clip latch pin in from the front. Press rear end of clip latch to relieve tension of dip latch spring and push clip latch pin fully home. (Protrusion of pin head will result in a damaged stock.)
118. Rear Sight.
Insert front lip of rear sight cover in slot at forward end of recess in receiver. Spring rear lip into its slot by pressing forward on rear surface. Insert forward end of rear sight base in opening in rear sight cover. Press it forward into position and slide rear sight base to the rear. Insert aperture in slot opening in rear sight base. Slide aperture to its extreme forward position. Holding rear sight base forward against rear sight cover, insert elevating pinion through left side of receiver taking care that it meshes with segment on aperture. Insert windage knob through right side of receiver and screw into rear sight base until zero mark on rear sight base registers with center line of windage scale on receiver. Assemble rear sight nut lock spring and nut lock and place them in position in windage knob around threaded end ef elevating pinion flange of nut lock outside, taking care that flat cut on elevating pinion is aligned with flat or nut lock. Using combination tool, screw rear sight nut onto elevating pinion until tension desired on both elevating knob and windage knob is obtained. (If nut is strewed too tight, knobs become locked and cannot be turned.) Lower aperture as far as it will go by turning elevating pinion. Replace elevation knob and rotate it to position noted before disassembling (approximately 100 yards). Holding it in this position replace elevating knob screws and tighten.
119. Bolt Assembly.
Insert firing pin into bolt, making sure that tang enters slot in rear of bolt. Grasp bolt in left hand, top up, extractor recess to right, holding firing pin in place with little finger. Insert ejector with ejector spring attached. Insert extractor spring and plunger. Set stud of extractor into its hole in the bolt without forcing it against ejector spring. Place drift of combination tool in left groove of bolt with ejector in cut on face of tool. Press down on combination tool so as to compress ejector spring and aline ejector; then with thumb of left hand push extractor in until extractor plunger is seated. This operation should be performed only with the combination tool.
120. Barrel and Receiver Group.
a. (1) Incline barrel aud receiver assembly at an angle of approximately 45 , sights· up and muzzle up and to the front. Hold bolt by right locking lug so that front ead of bolt is slightly above and to the right of its extreme forward position in receiver. Insert rear end in its bearing on bridge of receiver, rotating it in a counterclockwise direction sufficiently to permit tang of firing pin to clear top of bridge. Then guide left locking lug of bolt into its groove at a point just to rear of lug on left side of receiver, and right locking lug onto its bearing in receiver, and slide bolt back to its extreme rear position.
(2) Turn barrel and receiver assembly in left hand until barrel is down. With right hand, grasp operating rod at handle. Hold handle up and insert piston head into gas cylinder about ¾ of an inch, making sure that operating rod handle is to the left of receiver. Hold barrel and receiver assembly in left hand and rotate it to the right until barrel is uppermost. With right hand, adjust operating rod so that camming recess on its rear end fits over operating lug of bolt. Press operator rod forward and downward until the bolt is seated in its forward position.
(3) Place barre1 and receiver assembly on a smooth surface, barrel down and muzzle to the left. Replace follower (with follower slide attached) so that its guide ribs fit into their grooves in receiver, square hole in follower to the right. Follower slide will rest on bottom surface of bolt when follower is in position correctly.
PLATE 49
(4) With left hand replace bullet guide so that shoulders of bullet guide fit in their slots in receiver and hole in projecting lug is in line with holes in receiver.
(5) With left hand replace follower arm by passing its studded end through slot in bullet guide and inserting studs in their grooves in front end of follower. Place forked end of follower arm in position astride projecting lug on bullet guide with the pin holes in alignment. Insert rear arm of operating rod catch through clearance cut in bullet guide, making su1e that its rear end is underneath forward stud on clip latch which projects into receiver opening. Aline holes in operating rod catch, follower arm, and bullet guide with those in receiver. Insert of lower arm pin in side of receiver which is toward body and press pin home.
(6) If separated, insert operating rod spring in to operating rod. Assemble follower rod and compensating spring by grasping spring in left hand and inserting follower rod with right hand, twisting two together so that compensating spring is fully seated on follower rod. Grasp knurled portion of the follower rod with thumb and forefinger of left hand, forked end to right, hump down. Insert left end of follower rod into operating rod spring, push to left and seat forked end against studs on follower arm. Hump on follower rod must be in slot in operating rod catch.
b. Three main groups. Insert U-shaped flange of stock ferrule in its seat in lower band. Pivoting about this point, guide and press barrel and receiver group into position in stock, Insert trigger housing group, with trigger guard in its open position into opening stock. Press it into position and close and latch trigger guard.
c. Test the assembly as follows: Pull back and hold operating handle to its rearmost position; press down on follower and allow bolt to go fully home; set safety in its rearmost position; pull trigger; hammer should not fall; set safety in its foremost position pull trigger; hammer should fall.
121. Functioning: U. S. Rifle, Caliber .30, Ml.
The Ml rifle, being a semi-automatic arm, performs automatically most of the functions which, in the Model 1903 rifle, are performed by the rifleman himself. These operations constitute a mechanical cycle, which is set in motion when the rifleman presses the trigger. This cycle can be divided into two parts or phases, one phase being completed during the rearward movement of the bolt, the other taking place during the subsequent forward movement of the bolt
PLATE 50
122. Rearward Movement.
a. When the rifle is loaded and the bolt closed, the hammer spring is compressed and the trigger lugs are engaged in the hammer books, holding the hammer in the cocked position. If pressure is then applied to the trigger, the trigger lugs are disengaged from the hammer hooks, and the re1eased hammer, actuated by the hammer spring, rotates about the hammer pin and strikes the firing pin which transmits the blow to the primer of the cartridge (See Plate 49.) The bolt, however, must be fully rotated to its locked position before this action can take place as the tang of the firing pin is blocked by the bridge of the receiver except when this tang is aligned with the slot in the bridge. Moreover, until the bolt is rotated to its locked position, the hammer is prevented from striking the firing pin by the bolt camming lug striking the cam surface cut into the rear face of the bolt. (The bolt camming lug. projects from the face of the hammer.) The shape of this cam surface is such that the bolt will be fully closed by a positive cam action when the hammer is released. In addition the safety must be in its foremost position so that it does not block the hammer and trigger.
b. When the bullet passes the gas port some of the gas passes through it into the cylinder, where it strikes the piston end of the operating rod with sufficient force to drive the operating rod to the rear and compress the operating rod and compensating springs.
c. The initial movement of the operating rod to the rear for about 5/16 inch, is independent of the bolt mechanism, the operating lug merely sliding in the straight section of the recess in the operating rod. The cam surface of this recess then comes in contact with the operating lug and cams it up, rotating the bolt counterclockwise and disengaging the locking lugs on the bolt from the corresponding recess in the receiver. Thia delay between the initial movement of the operating rod and the unlocking of the bolt permits the bullet to leave the muzzle, thus relieving the pressure in the barrel before the bolt is opened. The rotation of the bolt also cams the hammer back from the firing pin and withdraws the firing pin point into the bolt.
d. As the operating rod continues its movement to the rear it carries the bolt which slide, along the receiver. The empty cartridge case is withdrawn from the chamber by the extractor. (See Plate 50). When the mouth of the empty cartridge case clears the breech, the ejector, which is continually pressing on the base of the cartridge, ejects the empty case to the dght front through the action of the compressed ejector spring. The rear end of the bolt forces the hammer back and rides over it, thus compressing the hammer. spring, and finally comes. to rest near the rear end of the receiver. I With the bolt at its extreme rearward position the magazine is uncovered. The following actuated by the follower arm and the follower rod which transmit pressure from the operating rod spring and the compensating spring, then forces the cartridge upward in the clip so that the top cartridge lies in the path of the bolt. The rearward movement of the operating rod terminates when the rear end of its broad curved contacts the front face of the receiver.
PLATE 51
123. Forward Movement. a. As the bolt moves forward, actuated by the compressed operating rod and compensating springs, the lower front face of the bolt comes in contact with the base of the top cartridge and slides it forward into the chamber. The hammer, under pressure from the hammer spring, rides on the bottom of the bolt and tends to follow it, but is caught and held by the trigger lugs which engage the hammer hooks, if the pressure on the trigger has been released. (See Plate 51). If, however, the pressure on the trigger has not been released, that is, if the trigger is held back. after firing, the sear will engage the rear hammer hooks. (See Plate 52), Subsequent release of the trigger disengages the sear from the hammer which then slides into engagement with the trigger lugs.
b. When the bolt approaches its forward position, the rim of the cartridge is engaged by the extractor and the base of the cartridge forces the ejector into the bolt, thus compressing the ejector spring. The operating lug is cammed downward by the rear surface of the cam recess in the operating rod, and in this manner the operating rod rotates the bolt clockwise to engage the locking lugs in the receiver. This section locks the bolt. The operating rod then continues to move forward for about 5/16 inch until the rear end of the straight section of the recess in the operating rod contacts the operating lug on the bolt. The compensating spring prevents the hooks on the follower rod from being disengaged from the follower arm during the forward movement. The rifle is then ready to be fired again. The cycle described above is repeated each time the trigger is squeezed except for the last round in the clip.
PLATE 52
124. Automatic Ejection of Empty Cartridge Clip.
When the last round of a clip is fired, the operations of unlocking and opening the bolt and extracting and ejecting the empty case are accomplished as already described. The bolt clears the top of the receiver in its movement to the rear, and since the clip is empty the follower is pushed up to its extreme top position by the action of the follower arm, follower rod, compensating spring, and operating rod spring. The position of the follower rod under these conditions is such that it cams the forward end of the operating rod catch upward to engage the notch in the operating rod. At the same time the rear arm of the operating rod catch pivots about the follower arm pin and forces down the stud on the front end of the dip Latch, thus rotating the clip latch and disengaging it from the clip. Thereupon the empty clip is ejected by the clip ejector. With the operating rod held to the rear by the opers1ting rod catch and the receiver empty, a loaded clip may be inserted without delay aud firing resumed.
125. Automatic Release of Operating Rod Catch.
The automatic release of the operating rod catch, which allows the bolt to close when a loaded clip is inserted in the receiver, is accomplished in tbe following manner: When the loaded clip is forced down in the receiver it depresses the follower. As the follower nears the bottom of the receiver, the front end of the folLower arm contacts and rotates the accelerator. The accelerator, in rotating about its pin in the operating rod catch, bears on a lug on the bullet guide and forces down the front end of the operating rod catch, thus releasing the operating rod. The operating rod is then moved forward by the pressure of the operating rod and compensating springs. At the same time the rear arm of the operating rod catch swings upward and releases the stud on the front end of the clip latch. The clip latch then rotates under the pressure of its spring, the rear lug of the clip latch moving inward to engage the notch in the clip and retain the clip in the magazine.
126. Operation of the Ml Rifle.
a. To load cartridge clip. Insert eight rounds in the cartridge clip so that the base of each cartridge is close to the rear wall of the clip and the inner rib of the clip engages the extractor groove in the cartridge. It is immaterial whether the uppermost cartridge of the loaded clip is on the left or right side as the follower slide adjusts itself for either loading. Experience shows, however, that for ease in inserting the dip the soldier prefers to have the uppermost cartridge on the right side of the clip.
b. To load rifle. The operation of loading is performed with the piece locked, i. e., with the safety of the piece in its rearmost position except in sustained firing. Hold the rifle at the balance in the left hand. With the forefinger of the right hand, pull the operating rod handle smartly to the rear until the operating rod is caught by the operating rod catch. With the right hand take a fully loaded clip and place it on top of the follower. Place the right side of the right hand against the operating rod handle and with the thumb of the right hand press the clip down into the receiver until it engages the clip latch. Swing the thumb to the right so as to clear the bolt in its forward movement and release the operating rod handle. The closing of the bolt may be assisted by a push forward on the operating rod handle with the heel of the right hand. The technique of loading the rifle properly is readily acquired after performing the operation a few minutes with dummy cartridges in accordance with these instructions. The loading and reloading of the rifle without hurried movements and consequent fumbling will be demonstrated and taught to all men under instruction.
c. To unload rifle. To unload a cartridge from the chamber, hook the right thumb over the operating rod handle, pull and hold the operating rod in the extreme rear position, thus extracting and ejecting the round. To remove the loaded clip from the receiver, hold the rifle with the right hand, thumb on operating rod handle, fingers around the trigger guard. Place the fingers of the left hand over the receiver and press in on the clip latch with the left thumb. The clip will then be ejected upward from the receiver and into the left hand.
CAUTION: Do not allow the bolt to move forward during the operation as it will push the top cartridge forward and prevent normal ejection of the clip. To close the bolt on an empty chamber and retain the loaded clip in the receiver, press down on the top cartridge in the clip and allow the bolt to slide forward, making sure that it is fully closed.
127. To Operate Rifle As Single Loader.
The receiver being empty, pull the operating rod to the rear until it is caught by the operating rod catch. With the right hand, place one round in the chamber, seating it in place with the thumb. With the right side of the right hand against the operating rod handle and the fingers extended and joined, force the operating rod handle slightly to the rear, depress the follower with the right thumb, and permit the bolt to ride forward about 1 inch over the follower. Then remove the thumb from the follower, release the operating rod handle and push forward on the operating rod handle with the heel of the hand to be certain that the bolt is completely closed. No type of ammunition will be loaded into the receiver except in full clips.
128. To Fire Rifle Squeeze the trigger for each shot.
When the eighth shot has been fired, the empty clip is automatically ejected and the bolt remains open.
129. To Set Rifle at Safe.
The loaded rifle will be kept locked until the moment for firing. To make this adjustment set the safety in its rearmost position inside the trigger guard. In this position the trigger cannot he pulled as the upper end of the trigger is blocked from disengaging from the hammer hooks, and the hammer is held in the cocked position by the hook on the safety being engaged with the lug on the left side of the hammer. The rifle may be loaded and operated by hand when locked but cannot be fired. To unlock the rifle set the safety in its foremost position. Always remember that while any cartridges remain in the receiver, after a round has been fired, the rifle is ready to fire. The rifle is safe only when it is "cleared". It is never known to be safe when the bolt is closed.
130. To Clear Rifle.
To clear rifle, pull the operating rod fully to the rear, extracting and ejecting the cartridge from the chamber. Remove the clip from the magazine and leave the bolt open. In range firing, whenever firing ceases, execute clear rifle as prescribed above.
131. Immediate Action.
a. Although our new rifle is extremely reliable and positive in its action, it is, nevertheless, an automatic machine, and as such it is liable to malfunction, particularly if improperly cared for er abused. 1£ the rifle fails to function, the stoppage can usually be remedied immediately. Immediate action is the term applied to the unhesitating application of a probable remedy for a stoppage without detailed consideration of the cause of the ma1function. It is taught as an unhesitating manual operation to be performed the instant the rifle fails to fire.
b. Procedure.
(1) If the loaded rifle fails to fire when the trigger is pulled, count to "20" to allow for a hang fire, and then pull the operating handle to its rearmost position, ejecting the round. Release the operating handle and if the bolt goes fully home aim and fire.
(2) If the bolt cannot be fully locked in a above, pull the operating rod handle to the rear. Check for a battered round, dirt, or obstruction on the face of the bolt, in the chamber, or in the locking lug recess. Discard the battered round; remove the obstruction. Reload, aim, and fire.
(3) The rifle fires but fails to feed. Keep the rifle in action by working the operating rod handle as it is still an effective combat weapon. A detailed examination for the malfunction may be made later when time permits.
(4) The above procedure of immediate action will almost invariably keep the rifle in action. fo case this immediate action is not successful, a more detailed examination for the possible malfunctions listed in paragraph 137 may be made as circumstances permit.
132. Stoppages.
While immediate action and stoppages are closely related as to subject matter, the former is treated separately to emphasize its importance as an automatic and definite procedure to be applied to overcome stoppages. Proper care of the rifle before, during, and after firing will usually eliminate stoppages. Stoppages which cannot be remedied by the application of immediate action can best be eliminated if the soldier has an understanding of the functioning of the weapon and the causes of stoppages.
133. Failure to Fire.
Failures to fire arc generally caused by:
- Defective ammunition.
- Defective firing pin.
- Bolt not fully closed when hammer strikes firing pin.
If the primer of a round is deeply inserted, the round is defective. Discard the round. If the primer is not indented or but very lightly indented, the firing pin may be short or broken or the bolt may not have been fully closed. Check for dirt or some obstruction which docs not, permit the bolt to lock fully. Remove the obstruction. If the rifle is clean and lubricated, check the firing pin. Replace it if defective.
134. Removal of a Broken Firing Pin.
If the piece fails to fire and the operating handle cannot be moved to the rear by a sharp blow with the heel of the hand, the firing pin may be broken, and having come out of its seat in the bolt it may have become wedged between the rear of the bolt and the top of the receiver. Remove the trigger housing. Generally the firing pin will fall out. If it docs not fall out, separate the barrel and receiver group from the stock group and remove the firing pin. If the trigger housing cannot be removed easily do not force it out of its recess. The firing pin is caught under the lug on the left of the hammer. Open the trigger guard as far as it will open without force. Turn the rifle, barrel down, and shake it, at the same time oscillating the trigger guard until the trigger housing can be removed. Remove the firing pin as indicated above.
135. Failure to Feed. Failures to feed are caused by failure of the bolt to go far enough to the rear to pick up a new round. A failure to feed may have any one of a number of causes. It will generally result in one of the following types of stoppages:
- Those in which the bolt £ai1 to go fully home.
- Those in which the bolt docs go fully home.
Stoppages of the first type may be caused by a battered round, dirt in the locking recesses, an obstruction on the face of the bolt, a dirty chamber, or a ruptured cartridge case, part of which remains in the chamber. Remove the battered round, dirt, or other obstruction; clean the chamber; or remove the ruptured cartridge case as the case may be. Occasionally this stoppage may be caused by a clip which has lost its spring tension and does not hold the cartridge firmly in line. When this occurs, the cartridge will be found "cocked" in the gun with the nose of the bullet one side or the other of the entrance to the chamber. Remove the round; remove the clip and discard it. Occasionally, when a stoppage of the second type occurs, the spent case is not ejected but is re-fed back into the chamber. This condition is caused by lack of lubrication, excessive friction of the moving parts, or lack of sufficient gas pressure due to the formation of carbon in the &as port. In any case the bolt has not moved far enough to the rear to permit proper functioning. The conditions are remedied by removing all carbon and thoroughly lubricating all parts as prescribed in paragraphs 139-148, inclusive.
136, Failure to Extract.
Failures to extract are generally caused by:
| Extremely dirty chamber. |
| Extremely dirty ammunition. |
| Improper assembly of the rifle, i.e., failure to replace the extractor plunger and spring. |
| Cartridge case chambered in a hot barrel. |
| Broken extractor. |
Action. When a failure to extract occurs, the bolt may be found fully locked with a spent case in the chamber. Generally, most failures to extract can be remedied by pushing the operating rod fully forward and then pulling it smartly to the rear. If this does not remove the case, use the combination tool or cleaning rod.
Sometimes the empty case will be left in the chamber, the extractor ripping through the base of the cartridge. When this occurs the bolt generally will attempt to feed a fresh cartridge into the chamber. It will then be necessary to remove this round before the spent case can be removed.
Where a dirty chamber or dirty ammunition is indicated, clean the chamber and discard or clean very dirty ammunition. Faulty assembly or a broken extractor will cause recurring failure, to extract. Replace missing or broken parts.
137. Table of Stoppages.
The following table may be found of value. It includes the stoppages outlined above and others that have not been covered but which may occur infrequently.
| MALFUNCTION | CAUSE | CORRECTIO BY THE SOLDIER | ||||||||||
| Clip jumps out on seventh round. | Bent follower rod. | Replace. | ||||||||||
| Failure to extract. |
|
|
||||||||||
| Failure to feed. |
|
|
||||||||||
| Fires automatically. | Sear broken or remains in open position. | Replace trigger assembly or hammer spring housing. | ||||||||||
| safety releases when pressure is applied on trigger. | Round keel on safety or broken safety. | Replace safety. | ||||||||||
| Full on trigger does not release hammer. |
|
|
||||||||||
| Hammer releases but gun does not fire. |
|
|
||||||||||
| Rear sight elevation jumps. | Loose rear sight nut | Tighten. | ||||||||||
| Creep in trigger | Burs on trigger or hammer lugs. | Turn in to ordnance. |
138. Other Stoppages.
If stoppages occur, which are not covered in the preceding paragraphs, and which cannot be reduced by normal means, the rifle must be turned in to an ordnance shop for examination and repair.
1. How is the rear sight adjusted?
2. Of what three main groups does the Ml rifle consist?
3. How is the Ml rifle set at safe?
4. How is the Ml rifle cleared?
5. What is "immediate action"?
139. Cleaning of the M-l Rifle.
This differs in several respects from the method prescribed for the M-l903 rifle. The bore of the M-l rifle will always be cleaned with a cleaning rod from the muzzle. The cleaning rod specified for use with this rifle (by standard nomenclature list B-21) is of the proper length to permit cleaning the bore without damage to the follower or the face of the bolt. If a longer rod is used the follower and face of bolt must be protected. Numerous methods have been devised and found satisfactory. The simplest method is to block the follower and cover face of bolt with a piece of cloth stuffed into the receiver.
140. Cleaning the Bore.
To clean the bore, assemble a cloth patch to the cleaning rod. Insert the rod into the bore at the muzzle and move it forward and back several times, and remove the patch. Caution: In cleaning the bore, care must be taken not to foul the cleaning patch in the gas port. Repeat unt1l several successive patches come out absolutely clean. Saturate a patch in sperm oil and push it through the bore, holding the rifle, top up, so that some sperm oil will flow into the gas port.
NOTE. Sperm oil should be used when available. When not available, motor oil, S.A.E. 20, or any light grade machine oil may be used in an emergency. Aircraft lubrication oil is not a good preservative.
141. Cleaning Screw Heads and Crevices.
To clean the screw heads and crevices, use a small cleaning brush or small stick. To clean the metal surfaces, wipe with a dry cloth to remove moisture, perspiration, and dirt, then wipe with a cloth containing a small quantity of sperm oil. This protective film will be maintained at all times. To clean the outer surfaces of the rifles, wipe off the dirt with a lightly oiled cloth and clean with a soft dry one.
142. Care After Cleaning.
After cleaning and protecting the rifle as described above, place it in the gun rack without covering and without a plug in the muzzle or bore. Muzzle covers, gun covers, rack covers, and plugs must not be used because they cause sweating and promote rust.
143. Preparatory to Firing.
a. The care and cleaning of the rifle preparatory to firing differs from the procedure prescribed above in that lubricating grease (U. S. A. Spec. SXS77) is substituted for oil on many of the moving parts of the weapon. The grease is now issued in a collapsible tube. To apply the grease, rub a small quantity on a corner of a cleaning patch and apply it to the parts. Avoid excess quantities.
b. The following procedure will be observed to assure efficient functioning of the rifle:
| STEP | DESCRIPTION |
| (1) | Dismount main groups. |
| (2) | Clean and oil the bore very lightly. Do not oil the chamber. |
| (3) | Remove any carbon on the gas cylinder plug and piston head. |
| (4) | Thoroughly clean and lightly oil all metal parts. In cold weather use aircraft lubrication oil. In hot weather use sperm oil. |
| (5) |
Apply a thin, uniform coating of lubricating grease to the parts listed below:
Bolt lugs (locking and operating). Bolt guides. Cocking cam on bolt. Compensating spring. Contact surfaces of barrel and operating rod. Operating rod cam. Operating rod guide groove in receiver. Operating rod spring. Caution: Do not apply lubricating grease to the follower slide or the under surf.ace of the bolt, as the introduction of grease into the chamber may lead to the generation of excessive pressure. |
| (6) | Assemble rifle and rub all outer su rfaces with a lightly oiled rag to remove dust. |
144. After Firing.
The bores of all rifles must be thoroughly cleaned by the evening of the day on which they are ·fired. They should be cleaned in the same manner for the next 3 days. Hold the rifle, bottom side up, so that no water will enter the gas port, Run several wet patches through bore. For this purpose water must be used; wum water is good, but warm soapy water is better. Remove the patch section from thtt M3 cleaning rod and substitute the cleaning brush therefore run the cleaning rod with brush assembled back and forth through the bore several times. Care should be used to insure that the brush goes all the way through the bore before the direction is reversed. Remove the brush and run several wet patches through the bore, removing them from the breech end. Follow this by dry patches until the patches come out clean and dry. Saturate a patch in sperm oil and push it through the bore, holding the rifle, top side up, so that some of the oil will flow into the gas port. Caution: In cleaning the bore, care must be taken not to foul the cleaning patch in the gas port.
145. Complete Cleaning. This cleaning should be done as soon as possible after that described above. If the rifle is to be fired the next day proceed as in paragraph 143. If the rifle is not to be fired in the next few days repeat procedure described in paragraph 144 for 3 days. In addition, the following instructions will be observed:
a. Chamber. Insert the cleaning patch deep into the slot of the chamber cleaning tool. Lay the tool with patch into the palm of the left hand, close the left hand over the tool, and give the tool about three turns to the right. This will cause the patch to be neatly wrapped around the tool and will cover all its metal surfaces. A slight pressure with the forefinger of the left hand, while turning the tool, will twist the end of the patch much like the finished end of a hand-rolled cigarette, causing the patch to be sufficiently secured to the tool to permit neat entry into the chamber. This insure, cleaning the full length of the chamber, prevents the patch from being crushed down to the lower end of the tool, and eliminates the danger of causing rings in the chamber by exposed portions of the cleaning tool. Clean by twisting the tool with patch in the chamber.
b. Gas cylinder and gas cylinder plug. Carbon will accumulate due to firing. The frequency of carbon removal is a factor peculiar to individual rifles. Excess deposits of carbon in the rifle manifest themsc1ves by sluggishness in action and failure to feed. To remove accumulated deposits of carbon from the gas cylinder of the spline type remove the lock screw and remove carbon, using the screwdriver blade of the combination tool. The gas cylinder lock may be removed and the lock screw reinserted in the gas cylinder .and threaded in enough to break loose the carbon. The inside of the gas cylinder should be thoroughly wiped clean and, oiled nt the conclusion of firing. (A few drops of oil placed between the rear gas cylinder lug and the operating rod, with the muzzle tipped down, will be sufficient if firing is contemplated on the next day. Hand operate the rod through a few cycles to distribute the oil properly.
The exterior finish should be cleaned and lightly oiled. The sight should be kept free of dust and dirt. If the gas cylinder is of the screw-on type scrape the carbon from the exposed surface of the front of the gas cylinder and gas cylinder plug and piston head after extensive firing. Clean the gas cylinder plug and the grooves in the gas cylinder to insure correct seating of the plug. The frequency of this cleaning depends on the amount of firing. A sharp blade instrument, similar to a mess kit knife, should be used to remove the carbon from the gas cylinder plug and piston head. If an abrasive cloth is used care should be taken that the corners of the plug or piston head arc not rounded. Do not remove the gas cylinder for cleaning. The gas cylinder is deaned by using the cleaning rod and a patch in the same manner that the bore is cleaned.
c. Exterior surfaces, Wipe off the exterior of the rifle with a dry cloth to remove dampness, dirt, and perspiration, Wipe all metal surfaces with sperm oil, the stock and hand guards with raw linseed oil, and the sling with neat's-foot oil.
146. On the Range or in the Field.
The rifle must be kept clean and free from dirt and properly lubricated with lubricating grease. To obtain its maximum efficiency the following points must be observed:
| 1 | Never fire a rifle with any dust, dirt, mud, or snow in the bore. |
| 2 | Keep the chamber clean and free from oil and dirt. |
| 3 | Never leave a patch, plug, or other obstruction in the chamber or bore. Neglect of this precaution may result in serious injury. |
| 4 | If the rifle gives indications of lack of lubrication and excessive friction, apply additional lubricating grease to the parts listed in paragraph 143. Excessive friction exists if the empty cases are being ejected to the right rear, and grease should be applied at the first opportunity as failures to feed an1 eject will occur if the condition is not corrected. |
| 5 | Keep a light coating of oil on all other metal parts. |
| 6 | Remove the carbon from the gas cylinder plug and the piston head when necessary. 1n general it should not be necessary to remove any of the parts of the rifle in the field for cleaning except the trigger housing group and the gas cylinder plug. However, if the mechanism becomes very dirty the rifle may be disassembled into its three main groups and the necessary cleaning and lubricating accomplished. |
| 7 | During range firing, a selected and qualified man should be placed in charge of the cleaning of rifles at the cleaning racks or tables. |
147. Preparation for Storage.
a. Sperm oil is the most suitable oil for preserving the mechanism of rifles. This oil is efficient for preserving the polished surfaces, the bore, and the chamber for a period of from 2 to 6 weeks, dependent on the climatic and storage conditions.
b. Rust-preventive compound, medium, is a semisolid material. This compound is efficient for preserving the polished surfaces, the bore, and the chamber for a period of 1 year or less, dependent on the climatic and storage condition.
c. The rifles should be cleaned and prepared with particular care. The bore, all parts of the mechanism, and the exterior of the rifles should be thoroughly cleaned and then dried completely with rags. In damp climates, particular care must be taken to see that the rags are dry. After drying a metal part, the bare hands should not touch that part. All metal parts should then be coated either with sperm oil or rust-preventive compound, depending on the length of storage. Application of the rust-preventive compound to the bore of the rifle is best done by dipping the cleaning brush in mat preventive compound and running it through the bore two or three times. Before placing the rifle in the packing chest sec that the bolt is in its forward position and that the firing pin is released. Then handling the rifle by the stock and hand guard only, it should be placed in the packing chest, the wooden supports at the butt and muzzle having previously been painted with rust-preventive compound. Under no circumstance, should a rifle be placed in storage contained in a cloth or other cover or with a plug in the bore. Such articles collect moisture which causes the weapon to rust.
148. Cleaning of Rifles as Received From Storage.
a. Rifles which have been stored will be coated with either sperm oil or medium rust-preventive compound. Rifles received from ordnance storage will, in general; be coated with heavy rest-preventive compound. Use a light oil or dry cleaning solvent to remove all traces of the compound or oil, particular care being taken that all recesses in which springs or plungers operate are cleaned thoroughly. After using the dry cleaning solvent make sure it is completely removed from all parts. Then clean and oil as described in preceding paragraphs. Failure to clean the firing pin and the recess in the bolt in which it operates may result in gun failure at normal temperatures, and will most certainly result in serious malfunctions if the rifles are operated in low temperature areas, as rust preventive compound and other foreign matter will cause the lubricating oil to congeal or frost on the mechanism.
b. Dry cleaning solvent is a petroleum distillate, of low inflammability and noncorrosive, used for removing grease. It is generally applied with rag swab, to large parts and as a bath for small parts. The surfaces must be thoroughly dried immediately after removal of the solvent. To avoid leaving finger marks, which arc ordinarily add and induce corrosion, gloves should be worn by persons handling parts after auch cleaning. Dry cleaning solvent will attack and discolor rubber.
2. How should the Ml rifle be prepared for firing?
3. How often should the bores of all rifles be cleaned after firing?
4. What points must be observed to keep the rifle in fit condition on the range or in the field?
5. How is the rifle cleaned after receipt from storage?
149. Fourth Step: Rapid Fire.
General.
a. All the points learned in slow fire are carried out in rapid fire. Careful coaching is essential to insure that the eye is kept on the target during the firing of each clip of cartridges, that the aim is correct, and that the trigger is squeezed correctly for each shot.
b. Timing. A most important element in rapid fire is the development of correct timing in firing. Correct timing in firing will vary from about 5 seconds per shot for the beginner to about 2 seconds per shot for the experienced man. The development of proper timing in firing rests mainly on the correct position of the firer. The firer's position is not correct unless the sights return automatically to the aiming point after each shot is fired. As soon as the sights come back on the aiming point the firer concentrates on the sight picture and squeezes the trigger quickly. This is repeated for each shot. Through training, accurate fire becomes more and more rapid until the ability to fire 25 or more accurate shots per minute is acquired.
(I) In timing exercises the instructor first assembles his group and explains and demonstrates:
(a) The importance of correct position.
(b) The importance of correct aiming and keeping the eye on the target while firing.
(c) How the coach promptly presses back the operating handle with a sharp motion to cock the piece and then releases the pressure to permit the operating handle to go, forward.
(d) Correct trigger squeeze.
(e) What is meant by correct timing.
(f) How speed in timing is gradually increased as skill is acquired, until an approximate rate of 2 seconds per shot is attained.
(2) Following the above explanation and demonstration by the instructor, timing exercises using the coach-and-pupil method will be given in all positions except standing. 150. Taking Positions Rapidly. a. Prone position. (1) First method. The movement is described by the numbers for the purpose of instruction in the sequence of the movement. After this sequence is learned the position will be taken as one motion.
(a) Being at the Ready, sling adjusted, points selected at which right and left elbows are to rest when in the prone position, and the point on the ground just below the butt of the rifle when in the firing position marked, the rifle grasped with the left hand just below the lower band and the right hand at the heel of the stock, bend both knees to the ground.
(b) Place the butt of the rifle on the ground l,lt the point marked.
(c) Place the left elbow on the ground.
(d) Place the butt of th,e rifle against the right shoulder with the right hand, at the same time spreading the feet apart.
(e) Grasp the smn.11 of the stock with the right hand and place the right elbow on the ground. (2) Skirmishes method.
The movement is described by the numbers for the purpose of instruction in the sequence of movement. After this sequence is learned the p0sition will be taken as one motion. These movements will bring the firer into his normal position with the rifle pointing at the target. Care should be taken to place the butt of the rifle on the ground without jar and to place the elbows on the ground in the same manner. With practice this position can be assumed very rapidly and witl1out shock. When properly done the feet will still be sliding into position when the rifle is being placed on the shoulder, and the left elbow will come to the ground at almost the same time that the backward movement of the body is completed.
(a) Being at the Ready, sling adjusted, points selected at which right and left elbows are to rest when in the prone position, throw the right foot well back and bend the left knee as low as possible, placing the butt of the rifle on the ground 4 or 5 inches to the left and slightly in front of the spot where the right elbow is to rest. The grip of the riHe is retained with both hands.
(b) Place the right elbow on the ground.
(c) Place the left leg back near the right one, feet apart, and slide well back while lying on the belly.
(d) Take the butt of the rifle off the ground and place it against the right shoulder.
(e) Lower the left elbow to the ground.
(3) Other methods. authorized. Other methods of assuming the prone position may be used.
b. Brushing. (1) Rushes are not used in the rifle marksmanship course, but may be practiced in prcp:m1tion for field firing. Being in the prone position with the rifle locked and unloaded, loop sling adjusted on the left arm, the command is:
1. Prepare to rush,
2. UP. At the command Prept1re to rush draw the arms in until the hands are opposite the chin, elbows down and away from the body. At the command Up:
(a) Raise the body by straightening the arms.
(b) Shift the weight of the body to the right leg and arm and bring the left leg forward with the knee fully bent.
(c) Spring up and run forward. Grasp the rifle with both hands; left hand just below the lower band and the right hand at the small of the stock.
(2) Upon arrival at a firing point:
(a) Advance the left foot, turning it across the front of the body.
(b) Drop forward on the outside of the -left knee and at the same time extend the ri1le, grasped in both hands and held vertically, so that the butt strikes the &round at full arm's length directly in front of the left knee.
(c) Pivoting on the left knee and the butt of the rifle, roll forward onto the left elbow and left side.
(d) Simulate loading and with the right hand place the butt of the rifle on the right shoulder, and set the safety in its forward position.
(e) Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and place the right elbow on the ground.
(3) If the hasty sling is used it will be necessary to modify the steps in taking the prone position described in (2) (c) and (d) above, respectively, as follows:
(a) Pivoting on the left knee and the butt of the rifle, roll forward on the right elbow and right side.
(b) Throw the sling to the left and catch it above the elbow and high on the arm. Remove- the left hand from the rifle, pass the left .hand under the sling and then over the sling, and regrasp the rifle just below the lower band with the left hand. Place the left elbow on ground.
c. Sitting position.
(1) To assume the sitting position rapidly, break the fall by placing the right hand on the ground slightly to the right rear of the spot on which to sit.
(2) In practicing for range firing, first sit down and aim at the target in the normal sitting position. Then mark the position of the heels and the spot on which to sit. Then at the command ready on the firing line, stand with the heels in the places made for them. As the target appears, sit down on the spot marked, breaking the fall with the right l1and, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand, and assume the aiming position.
d. Kneeling position.
(1) (a) From standing. First kneel and aim at the target in the normal kneeling position. Theo mark the position of the feet and the right knee. At the command Ready on the firing line, stand with the feet in the places marked for them. As the target appears, kneel with the right knee on the spot marked, place the butt of the rifle on the shoulder with the right band, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and assume the aiming position.
(b) After a rush Upon arrival at the firing point, kneel on the right knee with the right hand place the: butt of the rifle against the right shoulder and set the safety in its forward position. Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand and assume the aiming position.
(2) Other methods authorized. Other methods of assuming the kneeling position may be used.
(3) Practice required. Taking positions rapidly from the standing position and after a run should be practiced at will, using the coach-and-pupil system.
(4) Reloading rifle.
(a) During the reloading, the rifle is held firmly with the left hand, with the butt of the rifle down, to facilitate the insertion of the clip. Reloading should be accomplished with a confident movement of the right hand in taking the clip from the belt and placing it on top of the follower. With the tip of the forefinger of the right hand on the floor plate, and with the thumb of the right hand on top of the clip near the rear, the clip is pressed down into the receiver until it engages the clip latch. The thumb is swung to the right so as to clear the bolt in its forward movement and the operating rod handle is released. The closing of the bolt may be assisted by a push forward on the operating rod handle with the heel of the right hand.
(b) Reloading the rifle without hurried movements and consequent fumbling should be practiced at will in the prone, sitting, and kneeling positions, using practice dummy cartridges, until the desired skill is acquired.
151. Procedure in Conducting Rapid-Fire Exercises.
a. After the pupil has become properly trained in timing, taking positions rapidly, and reloading, he is given additional practice in all of these points by rapid-fire exercises. The group under instruction is paired off, coach and pupil, and placed on line. Full-sized targets are placed at 200 and 300 yards from the men under instruction, with some simple arrangement permitting the target to be exposed to view for the prescribed period of time. Rapid-fire exercises may be conducted at shorter ranges, using targets proportionately reduced in size. Sights are set to correspond to the range being used. The commands and procedure are exactly the same as rapid fire on the rifle range except that practice dummy cartridges are used.
For example, the pupil stands with sights properly set and blackened, sling adjusted on his arm, and with two clips of practice dummy cartridges in his belt. The instructor, after announcing the range and the position to be used, commands:
1. With dummy cartridges, lock and load;
2. Ready on the right;
3. Ready on the left;
4. Ready on the firing line;
5. CEASE FIRING;
6. UNLOAD. At the first command the rifles are locked and loaded.
At the fourth command the safety on all rifles is set in the forward position. When the target is exposed, pupils take position rapidly and simulate firing 16 rounds, reloading from the belt. Accuracy must not be sacrificed for rapidity. Upon completion of the exercise any cartridges remaining in the rifle are removed and the bolts left open. During simulated firing the soldier should never take his eye from the target except to reload. He should count his shots as he fires in order to know when the receiver is empty and thus avoid the loss of time incident to the effort of pulling the operating rod handle to the rear until the operating rod is caught by the operating rod catch. The exercise is conducted from the standing position to the prone, sitting, and kneeling positions.
152. Duties of the Coach.
In a rapid-fire exercise the coach insures that
a. The sights are set for the ranges designated and are blackened.
b. The gun sling is properly adjusted.
c. The correct position is taken.
d. The slack is taken up promptly.
e. The breath is held while aiming.
f. The trigger is squeezed properly.
g. Each time the pupil squeezes the trigger he promptly presses back the operating rod handle with a sharp motion, ejecting the dummy cartridge, and then releases the pressure to permit the operating rod handle to go forward.
h. The eye is kept on the target, the elbows kept in place, and the butt of the rifle kept to the shoulder.
i. The rifle is reloaded quickly and without fumbling.
QUESTIONS
1. What has position to do with correct timing?
2. Describe the taking of tbc prone position.
3. Describe the taking of the sitting position.
4. Describe the taking of the kneeling position.
5. How is the rifle reloaded?
APPENDIX I. THE U. S. RIFLE CALIBER .22, MODEL 1922 M1
153. U. S. Rifle Caliber .22, Model 1922 Ml. (See Plate 53).
a. Name: U. S. Ri8e, Caliber .22, Model 1922 M1.
b. Type: A breech-loading, magazine rifle, of the bolt-operated type.
c. Weight: 8.69 pounds.
d, Caliber: .22-inch, measured between the lands of the rifling.
e. Length: 43 inches.
f. Sights: The front sight is of the iron, blade type. The rear sight has an aperture disk (peep) on an adjustable micrometer base. The peep sight may be adjusted for deflection (windage) or elevation. The elevation knob on the rear sight has 10 graduations. One click, or half-minute, of angle corresponds to one graduation; a change of one graduation on the elevation knob causes a vertical change at the point of impact cal 50 feet of 0.08 inch. Similarly, one click on the wind-gauge knob changes the point of impact horizontally 0.08 inch at 50 feet. (See Plate 54 for method of operation of these sights).
g, Ammunition: The rim fire caliber .22 long or long ri0e cartridges arc used.
h. Range: This rifle is very effective and accurate for all ranges up to and including 200 yards. These features make this rifle a desirable firearm for instructional firing at this range, prior to firing the caliber 30 rifle.
PLATE 53. U.S. Rifle, Caliber 22, Model 1922 M1.
i. Magazine: The: magazine is now of the Bush_type and holds five rounds. The magazine is inserted through an opening in the floor plate a11,d is held firmly in place by a spring catch actuated by, the thumb. The guard, trigger mechanism, and similar parts are identical with those used in the service riBe.
j. Bolt: Each bolt is adjusted to its rifle and thereafter should not be interchanged. Each bolt carries the serial number of the rifle to which fitted, and is so adjusted that the head space clearance, i.e., that space between head of cartridge when seated home in chamber and facing the bolt when closed on the cartridge ready to fire, cannot exceed .003 of an inch.
k. Adjustment of the sight:
(1) To increase the elevation: Unscrew knob (106); turn knob (130) clockwise. Turning this knob one click or one graduation causes a vertical change of 0.08 inch at the point of impact at 50 feet.
(2) To decrease time: ,elevation: Unscrew knob (106); turn knob (130) anti-clockwise. Tighten knob (106) after setting sight.
(3) To move point of impact of bullet to the left: Turn knob (119) clockwise. One click on this knob changes the point of impact 0.08 inch at 50 feet.
(4) To move point of impact of bullet to the right: Turn knob (119) anti-clock.wise.
154. Dismounting and Assembling the U. S. Rifle Caliber .22, M1922 Ml. Dismounting the bolt mechanism. Place the cutoff at the lowest notch; cock the arm and turn the safety lock to a vertical position, raise the bolt handle and draw out the bolt. (See Plate 55).
PLATE 54. .
PLATE 55. .
Hold bolt mechanism in right hand, press latch plunger in with thumb (the bolt is in two part and is held together with a latch, the little plunger operating the latch), use right hand to unlock latch, turn bolt head with left hand slightly to the right or left, and remove. To remove extractor, proceed as follows: hold bolt head in left hand, with right hand push the point of a small screw driver under hook of the elevator, force it upward an4 to the right, and remove extractor from bolt head.
PLATE 56. .
155. To Remove the Sleeve.
Hold bolt in left hand, press sleeve lock in with thumb. of right hand to unlock sleeve from bolt, and unscrew sleeve by turning it to the left. (See Plate 56.)
PLATE 57. .
156. To Remove Firing Mechanism Sleeve.
Hold sleeve between forefinger and thumb of the left hand, turn safety lock down to the left with the forefinger of the right hand, in order to allow the cocking piece to move forward in sleeve, thus partially relieving the tension of the mainspring; with the sleeve against the breast draw back the firing-pin sleeve with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand and hold it in this position (See Plate 57), while removing the striker assembly with the left hand; remove firing-pin sleeve and mainspring; pull firing assembly out of the sleeve.
157. To Assemble the Bolt Mechanism. With the safety lock turned down to the left to permit the firing-pin assembly to enter the sleeve as far as possible, assemble the sleeve and firing-pin assembly; place the bolt sleeve against the breast and put on. mainspring, firing-pin sleeve, and the striker assembly. (See Plate 57). Hold the bolt sleeve between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, and by pressing the striker against some object, not hard enough to injure it, force the cocking piece back until the safety lock can be turned to the vertical position with right hand; insert the firing pin in the bolt and screw up the sleeve (by turtling to the right.) until the sleeve lock enters its notch on the bolt.
PLATE 58. .
158, To Assemble Firing Mechanism and Bolt to Bolt head. Hold bolt in left hand, turn safety lock down with the forefinger of right hand; press on sleeve lock with thumb of right hand; turn sleeve to left, permitting firing-pin assembly to move forward in bolt; hold bolt head in left band and bolt in right hand so that the ejector, latch, and ejector slot in the firing-pin head are in line with each other (See place 58); push bolt into bolt head as far as it will go, tum bolt head to left until latch engages the latch lug on bolt head; hold bolt in left hand, press on sleeve lock with thumb of right hand, turn sleeve to right until the sleeve lock enters its notch in the bolt.
159. To Assemble Extractor. Hold rear end of bolt mechanism in left hand with extractor slot in bolt head up; plate extractor in slot; grasp front end of bolt mechanism with right hand, thumb on extractor; place end of extractor against some firm object, depress extractor with thumb of right hand and force extractor into place in the bolt head.
160. To Insert Bolt in Rifle. See that ejector stop (same as cutoff in caliber .30 Springfield) is at the lowest notch; bold the rifle in left hand, take bolt mechanism in right hand with locking lug up and push it into receiver; lower bolt handle and turn eiert0r wr thnmh piece up into' its seat in the receiver with right hand.
161. Purpose.
A discussion of "Marksmanship-Moving Ground Targets" and "Marksmanship- Air Targets" is included in this chapter and the following one in order that these two important subjects may be brought to the attention of the reader. 162. Scope of Training. Rifle units will be trained to fire at moving targets, such as tanks, armored' vehicles, trucks, and personnd at appropriate ranges. RiHc fire may be employed to repulse or hara5s unarmored vehicles ;ind motorized troops. RiAe units will be trained to meet a tank attack by taking cover, standir..g their: ground, and delivering the maximum possible aimed fire with armor-piercing or ball ammunition at the enemy tanks and hostile foot troops which may accompany them. To this end they must be trained in the technique of such fire.
163. Basic Principles.
The principles of shooting as presented in this chapter apply to firing at moving targets. In applying these principles the firer must. adjust his aim and trigger squeeze to conform to the movement of the target.
a. Effectit1e ra,,ge. While under ideal conditions moving targets may be engaged at ranges above 600 yards, effective results beyond that range are consjdered to be exceptional. For this reason training in the technique of fire is normally limited to _ranges of 600 yards or less.
b. Sights to be used. Moving targets arc seldom exposed for long periods and can be expected to move at maximum speed during periods of exposu_rc. Accurate correction of sight setting is often impractioable, therefore instruction in technique sliould favor the use of the battle sight. Corrections for range are made by adjustment of the aiming point on the target. The peep sight is habitually set at 300 yards and is immediately available for use against moving targets at close range when appropriate.
c. Leads. Targets which cross the line of sight at any angle arc classified as crossing targets. In firing at such targets the firer must aim ahead of the target so that the paths of the target and bullet will meet. The diatan_!:e ahead of the target is called the lead. Targets which approach directly toward the firer or recede directly from the firer will for all practical purposes require no lead.
164. Determination and Application of Leads for Moving Vehicles.
a. The lead necessary to hit a moving vehicle is dependent upon the speed of the target, the range to the target, and the direction of movement with respect to the line of sight. Moving at 10 m Hes an hour a vehicle moves approximately its own length of 5 yards in 1 second. A rifle bullet moves 400 yards iri about ½ second and 600 yards in about 1 second. Therefore to hit a vehicle moving at 10 miles an hour at ranges of 400 yards and 600 yards, the heads should be 2½ yards and 5 yards, respectively. At a speed of 20 miles an hour the leads should be 5 yards and 10 yards, respectively.
b. Leads are applied lry using the length of the target as it appears to the firer as the unit of measure. This eliminates the necessity for corrections due to the angle at which the target crosses the line of sight, because the more acute the angle the smaller the target appears and the leH lateral speed it attains.
The following lead table is furnished as a guide:
|
165. Firing on Moving Targets.
Tbe following technique is suggested for firing at rapidly moving targets, using battle sight:
a. Approaching or receding targets. The firer holds his aim on the center of such target and squeezes off his shot.
b. Crossing targets
(1) At ranges less than 600 yards. The firer alignes his sights on the bottom of the target at its rearmost point and swings straight across it to the estimated lead. The riAe is kept swinging and the shot squeezed as the proper lead is reached.
(2) At ranges of 600 or more yards. The firer proceeds as in (1) above except that he swings his point of aim across the top of the target.
c. Fire is executed as rapidly as proper aiming will permit.
166. Firing on Moving Personnel.
a. Sight to be used. Under fire conditions, moving personnel presents a fleeting target and one more difficult to hit than a moving vehicle. This fact makes the use of peep sight desirable for greater accuracy, However, the use of battle sight may be necessary when targets appear suddenly, allowing no time for sight adjustment. It is therefore desirable that the individual rifleman be: trained in the employment of both sights in this type of firing.
b. Method of aiming. An elaborate system of calculating leads is neither necessary nor desirable. The following general rule forms the basis for estimating the proper leads. When firing at a man walking across or at right angles to the line of fire, the points of aiming at the various ranges are as follows:
(1) At 100 yards, aim at forward half of body,
(2) At 200 yards, a,im at forward 'edge of body.
(3) At 300 yards, lead him one-half the width of his body.
(4) At 400 yards, lead l1im the width of his body.
Proficiency in this type of firing depend largely upon the amount of time devoted to it by the individual in the practice of aiming, squeezing the trigger, and leading with appropriate speed.
167. Safety Precautions.
a. The safety precautions listed herein will be rigidly adhered to.
b. Firing at moving targets will not be permitted on any range until the safety angles have been carefully checked and markers have been placed so as to define clearly the right and left limits of fire.
c. Personnel of the towing trucks will operate at such distance from the line of fire as to afford protection not only from direct hits but from ricochets.
d. Trucks replacing targets on the course, or personnel affecting repairs on the course will be equipped with red flags.
e, Target personnel will not leave the designated safety area until the signal or command to do so has been given.
f. The officer in charge of firing will be responsible that:
(1) Rifles are not pointed in such a direction that the target detail will be endangered,
(2) Rifles are not pointed in such a direction that the fire will extend outside the prescribed limits outlined on the range.
(3) Firing ceases immediately upon the CEASE FIRING.
(4) Rifles are clear and bolts open before permitting the target detail to move on the range.
(5) The range is clear before giving the command LOAD.
(6) The general safety precautions listed in AR 750-10 arc complied with.
168. Air Targets Suitable for Rifle Fire.
Combat arms take the necessary measures for their own immediate protection against low-flying hostile aircraft. Therefore all infantry troops must be fully trained and imbued with the determination to protect themselves against hostile aerial attacks without reliance upon other arms. All low-flying hostile airplanes are suitable targets for rifle fire. These targets consist of aircraft on reconnoitering missions, maneuvering to take photographs, spotting for artillery, diving or hedgehopping to attack ground troops, and installations.
169. Classification of Air Targets.
From the point of view of the rifleman air target may be classified as:
a. Overhead, those which pass over or nearly over the rifleman; or non overhead, those which do not pass over or nearly over the rifleman. Either of these types may be flying at a constant altitude or may be decreasing or gaining in altitude.
b. Direct diving, those which dive directly toward a rifleman; or direct flimbint, those which climb directly away from a rifleman.
170. General.
Airplanes which are suitable targets for rifle fire present very fleeting targets. They must be engaged promptly by all available weapons. R1tlcmco mwt be taught a simple method of tiring on hostile low-flying airplanes.
171. Leads.
a. General. In order to hit a target, such as an airplane in flight, it is necessary to aim an appropriate distance ahead of it and on its proJ«:ctcd path ot iliJht 10 that the target and the bullet will meet. This distance ahead of the airplane 1s called "lead". A lead must be applied in all firing except when target is at extremely close range ( 100 feet), when it is diving directly at the firer, or flying directly from him.
b. Determination of leads.
(1) The lead necessary to engage any target depends upon:
(a) The speed of the target.
(b) The range to the ta.rget.
(c) The time of flight of the bullet.
(d) The direction of flight of the target with respect to the line of fire.
(2) When a target appears, it is impossible for riflemen or leaders of rifle units to consider all of the factors contained in (1) above and compute accurately the lead required for firing. Therefore, leads IU'C computed and placed in lead tables for use of leaders in training their units.
c. Application of leads. Although leads arc originally computed in feet or yards, they are given in lead tables as target lengths. It is very difficult for a rifleman to estimate, with any degree of accuracy, a lead such as 40 or 50 yards at ranges from 600 to 100 yards. Therefore, the length of the target as it appears to the firer is used as the unit of measure for applying leads. The rifleman is trained to apply the length of the target, as it appears to him, along the projected path of the target to determine the aiming point for each shot. The number of times he applies this unit of measure will be announced in a fire order or as explained in paragraph 173.
172, Target Designation.
a. Aerial target designation may be given as routine tr1inin1 in training areas long before the area of probable hostile air attack is reached. Aerial targets for a single unit wiU be clearly visible and few in number.
b. Attacking aviation will usually fly in a V-shaped formation of three airplanes each or will operate individually. Should all the fire of a rifle unit be directed at one airplane, the normal dispersion will result in effective interdiction of the remaining airplane, of the formation. Therefore, the normal method of target designation is to assign each of the three airplanes to an clement of the rifle platoon during the training period. For example, the first squad may be assigned the leading airplane, the second squad the right airplane, and the third squad the left airplane. In case less than three airplanes attack, the units not having a target assigned fire on the leading airplane. The assignment is not changed except under unusual circumstances.
c. The normal assignment of a target extends from its initial appearance until it passc5 beyond range. The unit leader, seeing a succession of groups of hostile airplanes, will cause his unit to cease fire at one group in time to bring fire on the following group as they approach within effective range.
173. Fire Distribution.
a. The fire of rifle units must be distributed along the path of flight of the target as long as the target is within effective range. This is done as follows:
(1) For all targets except direct diving or dlrect climbing aim and fire eacl, shot with four target-length leads.
(2) For all direct diving or direct climbing targets aim and fire each shot as the target.
b. This method of fire distribution is based upon the fact that as the target is approaching or receding the range and the leads arc constantly changing. The lead used is the average of all leads necessary to engage a target between the extreme effective range of 600 yards and a minimum range of O yards.
c. The target considered in determining the lead of four target lengths is a 30-foot air, plane. In using this method for towed-target firing the lead will have to be changed in acwrdance with the length of the sleeve target.
d. It is impracticable for men to estimate airplane speeds with any degree or accuracy; therefore the speed of present day attack airplanes, whim is approximately 200 miles per hour, is used. For speeds considerably greater or less than 200 miles pc.r hour the lead should be changed proportionately. The speed of the target may be more or less than 200 miles an hour; however, the lead if computed on approximate data and the lead estimates of all riflemen are approximations at best. Expectance has shown that this method of distribution gives results equal to or better than more accurate and more complicated methods.
174. Delivery of Fire.
a. Range.
(1) The maximum effective range of rifle fire at air targets is approximately 600 yards. However, riflemen should take the firing position as soon as possible after receiving the warning of the approach of hostile airplanes and track the target until it comes within range.
(2) Training in estimating ranges of air targets is conducted by having individuals observe airplanes flying at known ranges. The individual bases his estimates on the appearance of the airplane at key ranges. The following ranges and parts of airplane visible at those ranges arc based on an 0-46 airplane.
| Range (Yards) | |
| General outline | 1,000 |
| Wheels, rudder, wing struts, tail skid | 700 |
| Antenna and small projections from fuselage | 500 |
| Symbols, numbers, letters | 200 |
b. Rate.
The rate of fire at aerial targets is about the same as the rapid fire rate at ground targets. Everything must be done to increase the rate of fire without affecting its accuracy. Repeated tests have proved that rifle fire delivered faster than is consistent with proper aim and trigger squeeze results in waste of ammunition. Each shot must be aimed and squeezed. A well-trained rifleman can fire one shot in 3 or 4 seconds with the Ml903 rifle and one shot in about 2 seconds with the Ml rifle: A faster rate is possible if the rifleman does not aim and squeeze the· trigger. This should not be permitted.
c. Sight used.
Battle sight is used in all firing at aerial targets. It is impossible to use the peep sight and see the target, while aiming at the estimated lead.
d. Accuracy.
Firing in time of peace indicates that the antiaircraft fire of trained riflemen is effective and should cause substantial losses to hostile air units.
e. Effect of caliber .30 fire on the airplane.
(1) There arc various degrees of possible damage to an airplane from rifle fire. Hits upon the cylinder walls and other important working parts are likely to stop an engine immediately. A hit through the metal propeller is also serious, since it throws the engine out of balance. Unless the bombs carried by the airplane arc bullet proof, hits by armor-piercing small-arms bullets will detonate them. Of course the pilot is especially vulnerable.
(2) There arc also many lesser ways in which infantry fire can damage an airplane. Holes through the crankcase may cause the oil to drain out and the engine to "freeze" before the airplane returns to friendly territory. Hits of any kind, in fact, require varying degrees of repair, if they do not cause the destruction of the airplane,
175. General.
a. Object of instruction in an tiaircraft marksmanship.
The object of antiaircraft marksmanship instruction is to train the rifleman in the technique of firing at rapidly-moving aerial targets,
b. Basis of instruction.
(1) Prior to instruction in antiaircraft marksmanship the soldier should have completed a course of training in rifle marksmanship and thereby acquired the, fundamentals of good shooting. To become a good antiaircraft marksman he must be able to apply the fundamentals of target practice to firing at rapidly-moving targets and to perform the following operations with accuracy and precision:
(a) Apply the length of the target as a unit of measure in measuring the required lead.
(b) Aline the sights of the rifle on the required lead rapidly.
(c) Swing the rifle with a smooth, uniform motion so as to maintain the aim on the required lead while getting off the shot.
(d) Properly apply the trigger squeeze so as to fire in a minimum of time and without disturbing the aim.
(2) The correct performance of these four operations combined into one continuous smooth motion when firing in any direction at rapidly-moving aerial targets is the basis for the cour1e of training outlined herein.
c. Sequence of training.
Antiaircraft rifle marksmanship is divided into preparatory exercises, miniature range practice, and towed-target firing.
d. Personnel to receive training.
All personnel of units whose primary weapon i& the rifle should receive antiaircraft marksmanship training consistent with the time available and ammunition allowances.
176. Preparatory Exercises.
a. General.
(l) Description. The preparatory exercises are designed to teach the soldier the correct method of performing each of the fundamentals. of antiaircraft rifle marksmanship and to drill him therein until the correct procedure become, a fixed habit. In addition to a brief explanation of the technique of antiaircraft rifle fire the preparatory exercise con1i1t of the following three distinct steps which should be completed on each of the targets described hereafter prior to firing on those targets:
(a) Position exercise.
(b) Aiming and leading exercise.
(c) Trigger-squeeze exercise.
(2) Methods. A conference by the instructor should precede each exercise. This conference should include an explanation of the necessity of the exercise, and demonstrations by the instructor and a qualified squad. In order to awaken interest and to stimulate the soldier's enthusiasm the preliminary instruction should be individual and thorough. Each man should understand and be able to explain each point.
(3) Coaching. During all preparatory exercises and miniature range firing when a man is in a firing position, he should have a coach whose duty it is to watch him and point out errors. For this purpose the soldiers should be grouped in pairs and take. turns in acting as coach and pupil. Unit leaders are the instructors and should supervise and prompt the coaches.
b. Organization.
With the targets and target ranges described in FM 23-10 or FM 23-5, a group of 32 men per target is the most economical training unit. For the preparatory exercises this will permit 16 men to perform the exercises on each type of target while the remaining 16 men act as coaches. Each group should complete all preparatory training and instruction firing on its assigned target. Groups should then change places. The preparatory training and instruction firing should then be undertaken on the new type of target. This procedure should be followed until each man has completed his instruction on each of the four types of targets.
177. First Step-Position Exercises.
a. General.
The positions used in antiaircraft firing are those which can be assumed rapidly, afford the maximum flexibility to the body for the manipulation of the rifle, and do not require undue exposure of the firer. These positions will usually be either kneeling or standing. The kneeling position best meets the requirements listed above, as it is less vulnerable than the standing position.
b. Firing position.
(1) Antiaircraft firing positions differ from those used in ground target firing in that:
(a) The sling is not used.
(b) The arms are not supported but move freely in any direction with the body.
(c) The hands grasp the piece firmly, the left hand near the lower band,
(d) The butt of the rifle is pressed firmly against the shoulder with the right hand, and the cheek is pressed against the stock.
(c) In the kneeling position the buttock does not rest on the heel, and the left foot is well advanced to the left front. The weight is slightly forward. (Plate 59.)
(2) The positions must be such that the rifle, the body from the waist up, the arms, and the head are as one fixed unit.
(3) When leading a target the rifle must be swung with a smooth, uniform motion. This is accomplished by pivoting the body at the waist. There should be no independent movement of the arms, the shoulders, the head, or the rifle.
(4) The instructor explains and demonstrates the position, and points out that if the rifle is pulled or pushed in the desired direction by means of the left hand and arm, the rifle will move with a jerky motion, thereby increasing the possibility of jerking the trigger, or the front sight may be pulled or pushed out of alignment with the rear sight and the eye.
(5) Position exercises should be conducted so that the soldier will .become proficient in rapidly assuming positions for firing at hostile aircraft moving in any direction.
178. Second Step-Aiming and Leading Exercises.
a. General.
(l) Purpose.
The purpose of the aiming and leading exercises is to teach , the correct method of aiming and to develop skill in swinging the rifle with a smooth, uniform motion so as to maintain the aim on aerial targets.
PLATE 59. .
(2) Method.
(a) In the case of the groups assigned to the non overhead target, the pupils in the standing ready position are placed in one line at about 1 ½ yards interval, 500 inches from and facing the assigned target. The coaches take positions that enable them to observe the pupils. The commands for the exercise are:
1. Aiming and leading exercise,
2, One (two or three) target-length leads,
3. TARGETS.
At the command Targets, the targets are operated at a speed of from 15 to 20 feet per second: the pupils assume the kneeling firing position rapidly, aline the sights on the spotter indicating the proper lead, and take up the slack in the trigger; then swing the rifle with a smooth, uniform motion by pivoting the body at the waist and maintain the aim on the proper lead during the travel of the target. The operation is repeated as the target is moved in the opposite direction. The exercise is continued until the target has been moved five times in each direction with the M1903 rifle and four times with the Ml rifle. The coach and pupil then change places, and the exercise is continued until all men have acquired some skill in aiming and leading with one, two, and three target-length leads, both from right to left and left to right.
(b) In the case of tbe group assigned to the overhead target, the line is formed perpendicular to and facing the line of Bight of the target. The procedure is the same except that one or two target-length.leads only are used. (See Plate 60 for target used,)
(3) Importance of correct position. The importance of correct position and of swinging the rifle with a smooth, uniform motion by pivoting the body at the waist should be constantly emphasized.
b. Duties of the coach. In the.aiming and leading exercise the coach insures that the:
(1) Proper position is taken,
(2) Slack is taken up promptly and firmly.
(3) Rifle is swung with a smooth motion.
(4) Rifle is swung by pivoting the body at the waist,
(5) Arms, shoulders, rifle, and head move as a unit with the rifle.
179. Third Step-Trigger-Squeeze Exercises.
a. Importance.
(1) Correct trigger squeeze is the most important operation to be performed in firing the rifle. The rifleman should be trained to squeeze the trigger exactly at when firing rapid fire at stationary target, except that the rifle is kept in motion during the trigger squeeze, the firing of the shot, and momentarily after the firing of the shot.
FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 2.
(2) ln firing at a rapidly-moving target the untrained man has a tendency to permit the rifle to come to rest momentarily while applying the final squeeze. This results in the shot pa11ing behind the target. Another fault of the untrained man is that of pulling the trigger quickly the instant the aim is on the required lead. This causes the firer to Binch because be knows when the cartridge will be discharged.
(3) Unless men are trained to apply pressure on the trigger so that they cannot know the exact instant the cartridge will be discharged, all other training will have been a waste of time.
(4) Due to the short period of time during which the usual aerial target will be within effective range, fire should be opened as soon as possible and delivered at as rapid a rate as possible consistent with accuracy. The trigger should therefore be squeezed aggressively and decisively. Once started, the squeeze should be continued until the cartridge is fired.
PLATE 61. .
(5) Skill in squeezing the trigger properly when firing at rapidly-moving targets is difficult to acquire. Although men will have had training in trigger squeeze during their course in stationary target marksmanship, firing at rapidly-moving target, introduces certain additional elements which must be overcome before skill is acquired. The greater part of the time allotted to preparatory exercises should therefore be devoted to trigger-squeeze exercises.
b. Object.
The object of the trigger-squeeze exercises is to train the rifleman to apply pressure on the trigger while keeping the rule in motion, to develop a decisive trigger squeeze so that fire can be opened in a minimum of time without loss of accuracy, and to train him to follow through with the shot,
c. Method.
(1) Trigger-squeeze exercises are conducted in a manner similar to the aiming and leading exercises. The targets used are also the same except that the spotters indicating the lead are removed, (See Plate 61). If the spotters indicating the lead are left on the target they will cause an increased tendency of the pupil to pull the trigger quickly the instant the aim is on the spotter, thereby defeating the purpose of the exercises.
(2) The pupils in the standing ready position arc placed in one line at about 1 ½ yards' interval, 500 inches from and facing the assigned non overhead target. The coaches take position so they can observe the pupil. The commands for the exorcise are:
1. Simulate load.
2. Trigger-squeeze ext:rase.
3. One (two, or three) target, length leads,
4. TARGETS.
At the command Target, the targets arc operated at the proper speed; the pupils rapidly assume the kneeling firing position, take up the slack in the trigger, and mentally apply the target length as a unit of measure in measuring the lead announced in the order; direct the aim on that point and, by swinging the rifle in the manner taught and practiced in the aiming and leading exercise, maintain the aim at the proper lead, at the same time applying a constantly increasing pressure on the trigger until the striker is released.
The aim and pressure on the trigger are maintained during the entire length of travel of the target regard.less of the time of release of the striker (M1903} or hammer (Ml). The importance of following through with the shot cannot be too strongly emphasized. It is only by this means that men will develop the habit of keeping their rifle in motion during the entire process 0£ firing. All, of these steps are performed as one continuous operation. The exercise consists of squeezing the trigger each ,time the target moves across the front. The exercise consists of five passages of the target in each direction with the M1903 rifle, and four with the Ml. The coach and pupil then change places, and work is continued until all men have become proficient in squeezing the trigger correctly, using various target-length leads.
d. Duties of the coach, In the trigger-squeeze exercise the coach sees that the:
(1) Proper position is taken.
(2) Slack is taken up promptly and firmly.
(3) Rifle is swung with a smooth, uniform motion.
(4) Rifle is swung by pivoting the body at the waist.
(5) Arms, shoulders, rifle, and head move as a unit as the rifle is swung.
(6) Pressure on the trigger is applied promptly, decisively, and continuously.
(7) Eye is kept open and does not blink at the instant the striker (M1903) or hammer (Ml) falls.
(8) Muzzle does not jerk coincident with the rdcase of the striker (M1903) or hammer (Ml).
(9) Pupil continues the aim and trigger pressure during the entire length of the travel of the target.
180. A discussion of miniature range practice and towed-target firing is included in FM 23-10 and FM 23-5.